Lesson 1: Introduction to Computing

Computer

It is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of instructions, known as programs or software.

Computer

It is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of instructions, known as programs or software.

Computer

It is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output data.

Receive, store, process, and output

It is the four capabilities of a computer.

Hardware, Software

It is the two main parts of a computer.

Hardware

It includes the physical components like the central processing unit, memory, and peripherals)

Software

It includes the programs and instructions that govern the computer's operation

Tally sticks

They were an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages

Tally Sticks

They first appeared as animal bones carved with notches.

Palaeolithic, Single, Split

These are the three types of tally sticks

Palaeolithic Tally Sticks

It is also called as the Ishango bone.

Palaeolithic Tally Sticks

It is a bone tool, dated to the Upper Palaeolithic era, around 18,000 to 20,000 BC.

Palaeolithic Tally Sticks

It is a dark brown length of bone, the fibula of a baboon, with a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool.

Palaeolithic Tally Sticks

It was found in 1960 in Belgian Congo.

Palaeolithic Tally Sticks

It is made from elongated pieces of bone, ivory, wood, or stone marked with a system of notches.

Single Tally

It became common in medieval Europe, which was constantly short of money (coins) and predominantly illiterate, in order to record bilateral exchange and debts.

Split Tally

It is a stick (squared hazel wood sticks were most common) was marked with a system of notches and then split lengthwise.

Abacus

It was the first invented manual data processing device and a useful manual mathematical computer.

Abacus

It was used in 300 BC by the Babylonians, but it is often wrongly attributed to China.

John Napier

He developed Napier’s Bone in 1614.

Napier’s Bone

It consists of a set of eleven rods made of ivory sticks with numbers carved on them, capable of performing multiplication and division by placing the rods side by side.

John Napier

He was a Scottish mathematician known for his invention of the logarithm in the early 1600s, a technology that allows multiplication to be computed through addition.

William Oughtred

He invented the slide rule in 1622.

Logarithm

It is the ideas of Napier on which the slide rule was based on.

slide rule

It is primarily used in multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry (not normally used for addition or subtraction).

William Oughtred

He is considered one of the world’s great mathematicians due to his writings on the subject.

Pascaline

It can perform addition and subtraction of numbers of up to eight digits.

Pascaline

It consisted of gears and cylinders which rotated to display the numerical result.

Pascaline

It was too expensive as to why it was not widely adopted.

Blaise Pascal

He invented the Pascaline in 1642 as an aid for his father who was a tax collector.

Stepped Reckoner

It could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division automatically.

Leibniz’s Calculator

another name for the Stepped Reckoner

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Inventor of Stepped Rockener

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

He was the first to advocate the use of the binary system, which is fundamental to modern computer operations

Jacquard Loom

A mechanical loom controlled by punched cards.

Joseph-Marie Jacquard

He invented the Jacquard Loom in 1881

Arithmometer

It was the first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine which made it significant in computing history.

Thomas de Colmar

Inventor of Arithmometer in 1820.

Arithomometer

It was considered a mechanical calculator

Arithomometer

It was the first mass-produced calculating machine.

Thomas de Colmar

A French inventor and entrepreneur best known for designing, patenting, and manufacturing the Arithmometer.

Difference Engine

An automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions and compute tables of numbers such as logarithm tables

Difference Engine

It was designed to automate a standard procedure for calculating roots of polynomials.

Analytical Engine

A powerful mechanical computing device with two main parts: the Store and the Mill

Store

it means memory in modern computer

Mill

it means ‘processor’ in modern computer.

Charles Babbage

Inventor of Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage

An English mathematician of the 19th century who proposed a steam-driven calculating machine around 1800

Charles Babbage

He is known as the Father of the Modern Computer

Augusta Ada Byron

She was the first computer programmer.

Binary System

It is the idea she suggested to Babbage to use for the engines.

Analytical Engine

Which engine did Augusta Ada Byron write an program for?

Ada Lovelace

Augusta Ada Byron is also commonly known as?

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

It is based on Babbage’s Difference Engine.

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

It was the first printing calculator.

Per Georg Scheutz

Who invented the Scheutzian Calculation Engine and when?

Per Georg Scheutz

He is a 19th-century Swedish lawyer, translator, and inventor known for his pioneering work in computer technology.

Tabulating Machine

It is invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890; also known as Hollerith’s Punchcard.

Tabulating Machine

It is made to assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Tabulating Machine

It is an electromagnetic counting machine.

Hollerith’s Punchcard

Tabulating Machine is also known as?

Tabulating Machine

It used punched cards to sort the data manually and tabulate it, with a card reader that sensed the holes in the cards, a gear mechanism for counting, and a display on a large wall of dial indicators.

Herman Hollerith

He adapted Jacquard’s punched cards for computation purposes for the Tabulating Machine.

IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)

What is another name for the Harvard Mark 1?

Howard H. Aiken

He invented the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) in 1943.

IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

It was the first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1

It is the first programmable computer

Z1

It is created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.

Konrad Zuse

He invented the Z1.

Z1

In this computer, the user inserted punch tape into a punch reader, and all output was generated through punch tape.

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

The first electronic digital computing device

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

nvented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University

John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry

They invented Atanasoff-Berry Computer

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

What does ENIAC stand for?

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

The first electronic general-purpose computer, a large-scale vacuum-tube computer.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

Was built for the U.S. military to calculate ballistic tables to aim their big guns.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

Completed in 1946 by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.

UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1

What does UNIVAC stand for?

UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1

It was the first commercial computer.

UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1

Developed by George Gray in Remington Rand Corporation; designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

What does EDVAC stand for?

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

It was the first stored program computer to go into operation.

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

Its memory capability could hold both a stored program and data.

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

What does EDSAC stand for?

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

Built by Maurice V. Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge in England.

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

It was one of the first stored-program machine computers and one of the first to use binary digits.

Osborne 1

The first portable computer, released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation

Osborne Computer Corporation

They released Osborne 1 in 1981.

Electronic Controls Company

The first computer company, founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Five

How many computer generations are there according to the slides?

First Generation

It happened during 1940 to 1956

First Generation

Computers in this time were enormous, expensive to operate, consumed a lot of electricity, generated a lot of heat (causing malfunctions), and could only solve one problem at a time.

First Generation

They used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

Vacuum Tubes

What did they use for circuitry what in First Generation?

Magnetic Drums

What did they use for memory in the first generation?

First Generation

During this, they used machine language, the lowest-level programming language.

Machine language

What language was used in first generation?

First Generation

They practiced Input via punched cards and paper tape; output via printouts.