Bio 11 - Anatomy - cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory systems

for Terry Lopez' class

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

cells are striated, 1-2 nuclei

T-tubules wide, less numerous. SR simpler than skeletal muscle

large mitochondria = 25-35% cell volume

Intercalated Discs

junctions between cells; anchor

Desmosomes

prevent cell from separating during contraction

Gap Junctions

allow ions to pass from cell to cell, electrically couple adjacent cells

Pacemaker Cells

noncontractile cells that spontaneously depolarize 

Fibrillation

rapid irregular contractions - heart becomes useless for pumping blood → circulation stops, may result in brain death

Defibrillation

“clean slate,” interrupts chaotic twitching to start regular depolarizations

Medulla Oblongata

Controls rythym and speed of contractions via cardiovascular center of autonomic nervous system

Cardioacceleratory Center

sends signals through sympathetic trunk to increase rate and force;

stimulates sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes via vagus nerve

Sympathetic

increases rate and force of contraction

Parasympathetic

decreases rate of contraction

P Wave

depolarization of SA node → Atria

QRS Complex

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

T Wave

ventricular repolarization

Junctional Rythm

Sinoatrial node nonfunctional, atrioventricular node is backup pacemaker

P-waves absent; 40-60 BPM

Second Degree Heart Block

AV node fails to conduct some SA node impulses

~2 P waves per 1 QRS complex

Ventricular Fibrillation

Electrical activity disorganized, random action potentials. 

Systole

contraction of a chamber

Diastole

relaxation of chamber

Atrioventricular Valves

(2) closure causes first “lubb”

Semilunar Valves

(2) at base of great arteries; closure causes second “dupp”

Ventricular Systole

ventricles contract, semilunar valves open, AV valves close “lubb”

Ventricular Diastole

ventricles relax and fill with blood, atrioventricular valves open, semilunar valves close “dupp”

Systolic Pressure

pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

Diastolic Pressure

lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest

Right Atrium

receives blood returning from systemic circuit

Left Atrium

receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit

Right Ventricle

pumps blood through pulmonary circuit

Left Ventricle

pumps blood through systemic circuit

Serous Pericardium

parietal layer, visceral layer, and cavity of heart

Anastomosis

convergence of two or more vessels; veins do more than arteries, and end arteries do not.

Tunica Intima

endothelium (simple squamous lining) and subendothelial layer of areola connective tissue

Tunica Media

circularly arranged smooth muscle; sympathetic activity causes smooth muscle vasoconstriction

forms valves in veins

Tunica Externa

anchors blood vessels to surroundings; requires vaso vasorum (small blood vessels that supply bigger ones) 

Elastic Arteries

largest. walls, especially tunica media, contain many elastic fibers. most are near heart (aorta, pulmonary)

Muscular Arteries

medium. elastic fibers in two concentric rings: internal and external elastic lamina. proportionally thicker tunica media

Arterioles

smallest. <6 layers of cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media. sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction - elevates upstream BP, decreases downstream blood flow. 

Capillaries

in all tissues except cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens and eye

Metarteriole

feeds capillary beds

Continuous Arteriole 

endothelial cells form a complete lining aided by tight junctions.

most common, esp muscle and brain

Fenestrated

endothelial cells contain pores that allow fluid exchange; exchanges nutrients for high metabolic needs

most common in small intestine and kidneys

Sinusoids

large gaps between endothelial cells and discontinuous basement membrane - allows transport of large molecules + cells to/from blood; bone marrow and liver

Diapedesis

leukocytes migrating from bloodstream to interstitial fluid, occurs thru walls of post capillary venules (smallest vein)

Large veins travel with

elastic arteries

Small + Medium veins travel with

muscular arteries

Aortic Arch

3 arterial branches emerge: brachiocephalic, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic Trunk

bifurcates into right common carotid and right subclavian

4th lumbar vertebrae

aorta bifurcates into left + right common iliac arteries

Hepatic Portal Vein

fusion of 3 abdominal veins: superior + inferior mesenteric vein, splenic vein

Inferior Mesenteric Vein

drains distal part of colon

Splenic Vein

drains spleen, pancreas and stomach

Superior Mesenteric Vein

drains blood from proximal part of colon, small intestine, pancreas, and stomach

Hepatic Veins

collect blood from liver, return to inferior vena cava

Superior Vena Cava

fusion of right + left brachiocephalic veins, drains into right atrium

Inferior Vena Cava

returns blood to right atrium from lower limbs, pelvis, perineum, abdominal structures

Ductus Venosus

Ligamentum Venosum

Foramen Ovale

Fossa Ovalis

Ductus Arteriosus

Ligamentum Arteriosus

Umbilical Vein

Median Umbilical Ligaments

Lymphatic Capillaries

closed ended tubes interspersed among blood capillary beds; overlapping endometrial cells = one way flaps

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

bring lymph to a lymph node

Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

transport filtered lymph away from lymph node

Lymphatic Trunks

form from merging lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic Ducts

form from converging lymphatic trunks

Thoracic Duct

largest lymphatic vessel

Macrophage

monocyte that has left blood

Special Epithelial Cell

Nurse cell; secretory cells in thymus

Dendritic Cells

internalize antigens, present them to lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

most abundant lymphoid cells

T-cells

70-85% of lymphocytes; cytotoxic + helper

B-cells

15-30% of lymphocytes; produce antibodies / immunoglobins

NK Cells

kill infected cells and cancer cells

Red Bone Marrow

lymphopoeisis; hemapoetic stem cell → lymphoid stem cell → B and NK cells

Thymus

lymphopoesis of T cell, differentiated by thymic hormones

Lymphatic Nodule

clusters of lymphatic cells, some extracellular matrix without connective tissue capsule. 

Germinal Center

center of lymphatic nodule; contains proliferating B + NK

MALT

mucous associated lymphatic tissue; lymphatic nodules in GI, respiratory, genital, urinary tracts

monitor + respond to antigens

Peyer Patches

MALT nodules in ileum

Tonsils

large clusters of lymphatic cells and matrix (mostly) in the pharynx

form “crypts” for trapping antigens, facilitate antigen identification by lymphocytes

Palatine Tonsils

posterolateral wall of oral cavity

Lingual Tonsils

posterior 1/3 of tongue

Pharyngeal Tonsils

Adenoids; posterosuperior wall of nasopharynx

Thymus

biloped; superficial to heart

grows in size until puberty, then shrinks in size / function

Thymus Medulla

(inner) contains mature T-lymphocytes and epithelial cells

Thymus Cortex

(outer) contains immature T-lymphocytes, nurse, and macrophage cells

Lymph Nodes

small oval structures on pathways of lymph vessels; filter antigens from lymph + initiate immune response

Trabeculae

internal extensions of the lymph node capsule, project inwards 

Lymph Cortex

(outer)

Lymph Medulla

(inner) 

Spleen

Largest lymphatic organ. Lateral to left kidney

Dense irregular connective tissue capsule sends red / white trabeculae into organ

White Pulp

Arterial supply; clusters of T, B, and macrophages

Red Pulp

Venous Supply; splenic cords + splenic sinusoids containing RBCs, platelets, macrophages, and some plasma

Infectious Mononucleosis

Caused by epstein-barr virus; affects ¼ teenagers, symptoms ~2 weeks- 6 months

Photophobia, white patches on tonsils, throat soreness, fever, spleen enlargement, lymph node swelling, etc

Conducting Portion

air transport

Respiratory Portion

gas exchange

External Respiration

Exchanges gases between atmosphete and blood / lungs

Internal Respiration

Exchanges gases between blood and body's cells / tissues

Choanae

Openings to nasopharynx, end of nasal cavity

Nasal Conchae

Form lateral wall for each cavity, has nasal meats (air passage) underneath.

Vestibule

anterior region of nasal cavity, nearby vibrissae hairs