Final Exam - Fundamentals of Speech & Hearing Science + Cranial Nerves

4

How many ventricles are there?

gustation

term meaning taste

ventricle

fluid filled cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid to protect, cushion, and nourish the CNS

corpus callosum

the major commisural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

oligodendrocytes

glial cells in the CNS that produce myelin sheaths around axons

Schwann cells

glial cells in the PNS that produce myelin sheaths around axons

glial cells

neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support and protection to neurons, maintain homeostasis, and produce myelin; act as the “dough” to the neurons

neurons

the basic functional units of the nervous system that transmit information throughout the body using electrical and chemical signals; responsible for receiving sensory input, sending motor commands, and relaying signals

brain and spinal cord

What are the parts of the CNS?

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

What are the parts of the PNS?

arcuate fasciculus

a white matter bundle in the brain that acts as a crucial pathway for language processing; connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

afferent

carry sensory signals from body to brain (from PNS to CNS)

efferent

carry motor signals from brain to body (from CNS to PNS)

brainstem

What is the origin of the cranial nerves?

thalamus

What is the pink structure labeled #1?

midbrain

What is the green structure labeled #2?

pons

What is the blue structure labeled #3?

medulla oblongata

What is the orange structure labeled #4?

spinal cord

What is the red structure labeled #5?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

What are the 3 layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?

False

(T/F) The lobes of the brain in either hemisphere are mirror images in structure and function.

medulla oblongata

Where do the nerves decussate to the opposite side of the body to maintain contralateral control?

frontal lobe

What is the blue structure labeled #1?

parietal lobe

What is the pink structure labeled #2?

occipital lobe

What is the green structure labeled #3?

temporal lobe

What is the red structure labeled #4?

cerebellum

What is the yellow structure labeled #5?

astrocyte

What is the most common type of glial cell?

False

(T/F) There is a 1:1 correspondance between vowels and their formant frequencies.

Hertz

the measurement used for the frequency of sound

modal register

vocal register most commonly used in normal conversational speech

True

(T/F) The cochlea houses the organ of Corti.

tonotopic organization

the term for the differenital frequency response of the basilar membrane

A: 3 rows of outer hair cells

B: 1 row of inner hair cells

Name the structures labeled A & B.

stop oral plosive

On a spectrogram, the acoustic features of a silent gap (silence), release burst (burst noise), voice onset time (VOT), and formant transitions (post-plostive vowel formant transition) occur in what?

False

(T/F) During speech breathing, older adults can produce more syllables per breath.

tectorial membrane

What is the name of the structure the blue arrow is pointing to?

decibels (dB)

the measurement used for the intensity of sound

A: malleus

B: incus

C: stapes

Identify the bones of the ossicular chain labeled with A, B, and C.

Equalize pressure and keep the middle ear space ventilated

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

frequency

The number of cycles of vibration completed in a second refers to the ____ of the sound.

F1: low

F2: high

What is the vowel acoustic pattern/relationship between F1 and F2 for a high front vowel?

snake’s hiss, static on the radio/TV

What is an example of a continuous, aperiodic sound?

Boyle’s Law

P1/V1 = P2/V2; in a container with a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related

respiration

What is an example of Boyle’s Law?

deflate

What do the lungs do when the diaphragm relaxes?

expand

What do the lungs do when the diaphragm contracts?

A: Infant/child ET runs more horizontally

B: Adult ET is more angular (which helps fluid in the middle-ear space drain down into the nasopharynx)

What is the difference between the eustachian tubes in A & B?

1) size difference between tympanic membrane and oval window increases sound pressure

2) lever action of the ossicles/osicular chain adds energy

What are the two mechanisms of the auditory system that are responsible for impedance matching?

apex/apical portion

What portion of the basilar membrane is the most responsive to low-frequency sounds?

base

What portion of the basilar membrane is the most responsive to high-frequency sounds?

greater intensity, lower frequency

Vowels, compared to consonants, have ______ intensensity & _____ frequency.

vocal folds (fundamental frequency)

What is the source of your voice based on the source-filter theory?

vocal tract (formants)

What is the filter of your voice based on the source-filter theory?

basilar membrane

What is the name of the structure the blue arrow is pointing to?

The myoelastic theory of phonation is a theory that explains how voice is produced through the interaction of muscle force and airflow. According to this theory, the vocal folds must adduct to close the glottis. As the glottis closes due to medial compression, air pressure builds up beneath the vocal folds. When the pressure becomes strong enough, it overcomes the resistance of the glottis, forcing the vocal folds apart. A puff of air escapes into the vocal tract, setting the air in the tract into vibration, which creates a sound wave. This sound wave travels through the vocal tract, where it is articulated and resonated into speech. Meanwhile, the vocal folds begin to adduct again, preparing for the next cycle of vibration.

What is the myoelastic theory of phonation?

Olfactory

Cranial Nerve I

Optic

Cranial Nerve II

Oculomotor

Cranial Nerve III

Trochlear

Cranial Nerve IV

Trigeminal

Cranial Nerve V

Abducens

Cranial Nerve VI

Facial

Cranial Nerve VII

Vestibulocochlear

Cranial Nerve VIII

Glossopharyngeal

Cranial Nerve IX

Vagus

Cranial Nerve X

Accessory

Cranial Nerve XI

Hypoglossal

Cranial Nerve XII

On On On They Traveled And Fought Against the Great Voldemort At Hogwarts

What’s a mnemonic to remember the twelve cranial nerves?

Cerebral hemispheres

What is the anatomic origin of the olfactory nerve?

Diencephalon

What is the anatomic origin of the optic nerve?

Midbrain

What is the anatomic origin of the oculomotor nerve?

Midbrain

What is the anatomic origin of the trochlear nerve?

Pons

What is the anatomic origin of the trigeminal nerve?

Pons

What is the anatomic origin of the abducens nerve?

Pons

What is the anatomic origin of the facial nerve?

Pons & medulla

What is the anatomic origin of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Medulla

What is the anatomic origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

medulla

What is the anatomic origin of the vagus nerve?

medulla & spinal cord

What is the anatomic origin of the accessory nerve?

medulla

What is the anatomic origin of the hypoglossal nerve?

control of smell

the function of the olfactory nerve

control of vision

the function of the optic nerve

control most eye movements & pupil constriction

the function of the oculomotor nerve

control of downward and inward (towards nose) eye movement

the function of the trochlear nerve

jaw movement & face, mouth, and jaw sensation

the function of the trigeminal nerve

control of outward (towards ear) eye movement

the function of the abducens nerve

control of facial movement, hyoid elevation, stapedius reflex, salivation, lacrimation, and taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

the function of the facial nerve

control of hearing & balance

the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve

control of pharyngeal movement, pharynx and tongue sensation, & taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve

pharyngeal, palatal, and laryngeal movement and sensation

the function of the vagus nerve

control of shoulder and neck movement

the function of the accessory nerve

control of tongue movement

the function of the hypoglossal nerve

a waveform

What is this a picture of?

time

When examining a spectrogram, which measurement is displayed horizontally?

frequency

When examining a spectrogram, which measurement is displayed vertically?

more intensity

What do dark/colored areas mean on a spectrogram?

a spectrogram

What is this a picture of?

line spectrum

What is this a picture of?

inverse

Frequency and wavelength have a (direct/inverse) relationship