FINAL CRAM DECK — High-Yield from Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 , 9

Appstate A&P

ANATOMY vs. PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy = STRUCTURE. Physiology = FUNCTION.

HOMEOSTASIS

The body's attempt to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

Structural organization order

Chemical → molecules → macromolecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.

Tissue vs. organ

Tissue = similar cells. Organ = multiple tissue types working together.

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.

Parietal vs. visceral

Parietal = cavity wall. Visceral = organ surface.

Pleura

Lungs.

Pericardium

Heart.

Peritoneum

Abdominal organs/cavity.

Frontal plane

Divides anterior and posterior.

Transverse plane

Divides superior and inferior.

Midsagittal plane

Divides equal right and left halves.

3 major parts of a cell

Plasma membrane + cytoplasm + nucleus.

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer controlling entry and exit.

Fluid mosaic

Membrane proteins move through a fluid membrane.

Phospholipid heads vs. tails

Heads = water soluble. Tails = water insoluble.

Passive transport

NO ATP.

Active transport

REQUIRES cellular energy/ATP.

Simple diffusion

High concentration → low concentration; no carrier.

Facilitated diffusion

High → low using a membrane channel/carrier; no ATP.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane; water moves toward higher solute concentration.

Isotonic

Same osmotic pressure.

Hypotonic

Lower osmotic pressure.

Hypertonic

Higher osmotic pressure.

Active transport

Uses energy to move substances, commonly low → high concentration.

Na+/K+ pump

3 Na+ OUT and 2 K+ IN using ATP.

Endocytosis

INTO cell.

Exocytosis

OUT of cell.

Phagocytosis

“Cell eating.”

Pinocytosis

“Cell drinking.”

Mitochondria

Produce most cellular ATP.

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis.

Rough ER

Ribosomes attached; makes secreted and membrane proteins.

Smooth ER

Lipid metabolism, detoxification, steroid synthesis, calcium storage depending on tissue.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, concentrates, packages, and ships proteins.

Protein secretion pathway

Rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → secretory vesicle → cell destination/exocytosis.

Cytoskeleton

Internal cellular scaffolding; support and movement.

Nucleus

Genetic control center.

4 major tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Tight junction

Barrier/seal.

Desmosome

Rivet/strong attachment.

Gap junction

Communication.

Epithelial tissue

Tightly packed, avascular, regenerates, covers/lines, protects, secretes, absorbs.

Simple epithelium

One layer.

Stratified epithelium

Multiple layers.

Squamous

Flat.

Cuboidal

Cube-shaped.

Columnar

Tall.

Simple squamous

One flat layer; diffusion; lungs/blood vessels.

Stratified squamous

Many layers; protects from abrasion.

Simple cuboidal

Kidney tubules/ducts; secretion and absorption.

Simple columnar

Digestive tract; absorption and secretion.

3 connective-tissue fibers

Collagen = strength; elastic = stretch; reticular = supportive network.

Areolar connective tissue

Loose CT; wraps/cushions organs and holds tissue fluid.

Adipose tissue

Energy storage + insulation + cushioning.

Reticular tissue

Supportive framework in lymphatic organs/bone marrow/spleen.

Dense regular CT

Parallel collagen; tendons and ligaments.

Dense irregular CT

Irregular collagen; resists tension in many directions; dermis/joint capsules.

Tendon

Muscle → bone.

Ligament

Bone → bone.

Cartilage

Avascular supportive CT; chondroblasts mature into chondrocytes.

3 cartilage types

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.

Osteoblast vs. osteocyte

Osteoblast = immature bone-forming cell; osteocyte = mature bone cell.

Blood matrix

Plasma.

Blood cells

Erythrocytes + leukocytes + platelets.

Skeletal muscle

Striated + voluntary + long cylindrical cells.

Cardiac muscle

Striated + involuntary + branching + intercalated discs.

Smooth muscle

No striations + involuntary + spindle-shaped.

Nervous tissue

Transmits electrical signals.

Skin layers

Epidermis → dermis → hypodermis/subcutaneous layer.

Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; avascular.

Dermis

Dense connective tissue containing vessels, nerves, follicles, and glands.

Hypodermis

Loose CT/adipose; insulation, cushioning, anchoring.

Epidermal layers superficial → deep

Corneum → lucidum → granulosum → spinosum → basale.

Memory trick for epidermal layers

Come Let's Get Sun Burned.

Stratum corneum

Outermost; dead keratinized cells; reduces dehydration.

Stratum lucidum

Dead cells; thick skin of palms/soles.

Stratum granulosum

Granules; apoptosis occurs.

Stratum spinosum

Thick layer with keratinocytes and dendritic cells.

Stratum basale

Deepest; mitosis + melanocytes.

Melanocytes

Produce melanin.

3 skin pigments

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin.

Sebaceous gland

Produces sebum/oil.

Sebum

Reduces dehydration of hair/skin and inhibits some bacteria.

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands.

Skin functions

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolism/vitamin D, blood reservoir, excretion.

Vasodilation

More skin blood flow → more heat loss.

Vasoconstriction

Less skin blood flow → heat conservation.

Vitamin D pathway

Sunlight acts on skin precursor → further processing by liver/kidney → supports calcium absorption.

3 skin cancers

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.

Melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes; emphasized as the most dangerous and highly metastatic.

First-degree burn

Superficial.

Second-degree burn

Deep partial-thickness.

Third-degree burn

Full-thickness.

Adult Rule of Nines: head

9%.

Adult Rule of Nines: one arm

9%.

Adult Rule of Nines: one leg

18%.

Adult Rule of Nines: anterior trunk

18%.

Adult Rule of Nines: posterior trunk

18%.

Adult Rule of Nines: perineum

1%.