forestry final

4 types of tree cutting

thinning, raising, reducing, cleaning

tree phases

germinating, vegetative growth, reproducing, declining

tree states

seed, seedling, sapling, mature, senescent, dead

where is water potential lowest

leaves

macronutrients

potassium, phosphorous, nitrogen

nitrogen

vegetative growth

potassium

water movement

phosphorous

seed development, root growth (most abundant)

secondary macronutrients

calcium, sulfur, magnesium

3 riparian area zones

low bank, high bank, inland filter

decurrent

no clear dominant main branch

excurrent

clear dominant main branch

well designed hole fixes

compaction, insufficient soil volume

correct planting depth fixes

oxygen deficiency, too little moisture

managed asexual propagation

cutting, grafting, layering, tissue culture

natural asexual propagation

suckering, stolons, rhizomes, adventitious bud

striking

propagation success

freezing

mechanical scarification

digestion

chemical scarification

fire

thermal scarification

above stock head

pollarding

grows fast, large stems, deep roots, pollarding

poplar

grows very fast, small stems, wet soil, coppice

willow

introduced

exotic or accidentally introduced

naturalised

exotic and capable of establishing and reproducing

invasive

exotic, naturalized, and capable of spreading rapidly and disrupting ecosystems

early succession species

Manuka, Kanuka

later succession species

Miro, Tawa

4 Restoration options

assist natural regeneration (small degraded areas), direct seeding (most places), establish nurse crop (shelter necessary), plant mixture of fast growing species (rapid cover)

4 types of erosion

mass movement, fluvial, streambank, surface

mass movement erosion

whole slopes slump, slip, landslide. Storm caused, common in hill country

Fluvial

water causes channels or gullies in soil, sediment washed into the spring

Streambank

Fluvial, banks cleared of trees become unstable

Surface

wind, rain, frost caused. Anywhere exposed

erosion control species

poplar, willow, radiata pine, douglas fir

How trees fix erosion

bind soil, block precipitation getting into soil, suck up soil moisture via transpiration

types of root defects

kinked, girdling, circling, pot-bound

transplant shock

lack of above ground growth while root:shoot ratio re-balances