History: The Early Stuarts - JAMES I

what do whig historians believe about the causes of the civil war

they believe it was inevitable and they focus on the long term causes to support this argument such as the rise of parliament

what do revisionist historians believe about the causes of the civil war

they believe it was not inevitable and focus on the short term causes to support this argument such as the mistakes made in ruling

cromwell quote to show his intent to abolish the monarchy

I tell you we will cut off his head with the crown upon it - to one of the judges at the trial of King Charles I (1648)

What was the population increase in England in 1600

increased 4.1 million (Scotland, Ireland, wales 1.9 million)

by 1650, what was englands population

5.3 million (7.7 million in britain)

James I quote showing religious connotations

I am a poor man wandering about 40 years in the wilderness and barren soil, and now have arrived in the land of promise

what was the name of the painting of the divine order

Rhetorica christiana

when was the rhetorica christiana painted and by who

didacus valades in 1579

what was the population growth in london 1600-1650

200,000 in 1600 to 400,000 in 1650

what was the order of the great chain of being

god angels monarch nobels clergy gentlemen commoners animals, plants, minerals

what could the monarch alter without consulting the parliament due to the royal prerogative

foreign policy, war and peace, the regulation of overseas trade and coinage etc

after protestant church formed, king could alter radically religious practice

4 roles of parliament

spoke for the nation and represented the liberties of the people

make statute law with king-in-parliament

granted additional taxes for monarch's needs (for wars)

aired greivances

what was common law

a law established by long custom through the decisions of the courts

how could a common law be changed

a statute was needed (law passed by the king-in-parliament)

arguments for the king and his divine right to govern

monarchs derived their power from god so were accountable only to him

representative institutions like parliament only existed at the kings pleasure

as the king alone possessed political power, he alone was the lawmaker

arguments for parliament and common law

common law had been established over centuries so should not be changed by an individual

royal prerogative should not be used to undermine the liberty of the subject and the people

how did james create resentment among the english nobility

appointments to his bedchamber were primarily given to scotsmen

how was marriage used as a tool in court

created a network of links with powerful families

used to neutralise an opponents

used to seal a friendship

what was the client and patron relationship

client would support and serve his patron in any way required and in return the patron advances his clients interests and looked for a favourable position for them

why did some men seek a large number of patrons

it was a mark of political power as it gave him considerable power and influence and also attracted men that were eager for office / favours

why did james initially misunderstand the english parliament

they were all extremely polite and he was used to the scottish parliament who would say it how it is so he thought they would defer to him unconditionally

how did parliament enhance the king's power

because the king-in-parliament could enact statute laws and obtain additional taxes (or subsidies) from his subjects

what did parliament do when the king failed to heed to their advice

they would protest by refusing to grant subsidies

what was supply

it was an extraordinary taxation granted by parliament in times of emergency when the kings ordinary revenue was not sufficient to cover things such as war costs

why did the extraordinary taxation (supply) become a problem to the crown

inflation reduced the crowns real income so the control over the supply gave parliament a bargaining point which affected the power balance between them and the crown

what year did james I become king of scotland

1567

what year did james I become king england and wales

1603

what year did james I become the king of ireland

1603

who began the reformation

Martin Luther wrote the "95 Theses" criticizing the Church - his ideas spread quickly through the printing press and gave birth to Protestantism Ideas started in Northern Germany

what was a quote by charles I

a sovereign and a subject are clean different things?

who recorded charles I speech

william juxton, the royal chaplain

Who was Thomas cromwell

Secretary of State during the time of Henry VIII

Avid Protestant

Responsible for lots of the reformation

By 1603 what religion was england broadly

Protestant

How was Catholicism fading out during Elizabeth's reign

Church wardens began to destroy alters, rood screen and statues

Medieval painting were whitewashed over

Tradition catholic festivals disappeared

Which country maintained alliance with france in Tudor times

Scotland

Which country feared the loss of independence and resented english arrogance

Scotland

Which country was majority catholic

Ireland

Which country led a rebellion against the english in the 1590s

Ireland

Which country had hostilities between them and England ceased in 1603

Scotland

what country was incorporated into the english kingdom through 3 acts of union

wales

what new claim had henry made on ireland during the protestant reformation

he extended the traditional claim for english kings to be "lord of Ireland" into a claim of kingship

why was ireland seen as such a threat during the protestant revolution

it offered a potentially convenient base for an invasion of england because the majority of native irishmen and old english settlers remained catholic

what was the impact of the rebellion in the 1590s

left england in control of the entire island because the earls of tyrone and tyrconnel fled to spain in 1605

when and where did the earls of tyrone and tyrconnel flee

1605 to spain

what did the aggressive policies of Henry VIII toward scotland result in

ensured that traditional hostilities lingered and encouraged the scots to maintain an alliance with france

what was kirk

a Scottish church

What was Presbyterianism?

a system of church government without bishops, which gave considerable responsibility to individual congregations who chose their own ministers and elders. It was a strict form of protestantism which placed great emphasis on the bible and less on tradition

why was the scottish government underdeveloped

weaker links between the centre and localities

less taxation because government was less relevant in peoples lives

how were religious matters dealt with in scotland

in a general assembly managed by james

quote from english unwillingness to accept scots

the air might be wholesome but for the stinking people that inhabit it - sir anthony weldon

when did scotland rebel

1638

what were the 3 different groups within ireland

mere irish, old english and new english

who were the mere irish

catholic in majority poor excluded from politics regarded with fear and suspicion by english

who were the old english

descendants of pre reformation english settlers

usually catholic

owned 1/3 of irish profitable land

felt threatened by new english

who were the new english

Protestant settlers who arrived during the Tudor period, lived in colonies called plantations, loyal to Elizabeth.

Why were vagrants so feared and so savagely punished?

'Masterless men' - not under control

What possibilities were open for social mobility?

(astute) Trade or rising through the professions e.g. law

how old was james vi when he became king of scotland in 1567

1

when was wales incorporated into the kingdom of england

1534

when has henry viii broken with th4e roman catholic church

1534

who led the rebellion against english control in ireland in the 1590s

hugh o'neil (earl of tyrone)

what did scotland do just after 1603

remained an independent state with its own parliament, religion, legal system and government

what were the books that james I wrote

the true law of true monarchies (1598) basiliskon doron (1599)

Impact of James' education

His volubility stemmed from his erudition which meant he mastered the art of outmanoeuvring his opponents with patience and subtlety

What languages could James speak

Fluent in Latin and French and could read Greek Italian and spanish

What were some of James' flaws

Over loquacious, impulsively generous, mathematically challenged, resolutely private and seemed somewhat naive

Why was James seen as somewhat naive

He often quote I kings 4:25 which described how under king Solomon every man sat unafraid under his own vine and fig tree

Who and when did James marry

Anne of Denmark in 1589

Who were james' 3 surviving children

Henry Elizabeth and Charles

latin phrase on coins

dei gratia rex, fidei difensor

by the grace of god, king, defender of faith

Who gave Henry VIII the title "Defender of the Faith"?

pope

Define episcopacy

bishop's governance of his church

church of england structure

2 archbishops 25 bishops 9244 parishes

what were the aims of the puritans within the church of england

stressed preaching the bible and individual response to god

less stress on power of sacraments

hoped james might introduce a presbyterian system (no bishops)

erastian system

idea that the state should govern the church with the help of bishops

benefit of bishops

easier to control people through things like the annual repetition of the homily of obedience

4 religious aims of james I

one unified church under him with bishops - conformity

james agreed with puritans that reforms were needed - little sympathy for radical protestants -preferred moderate calvinists

reforms would win over moderate puritans and isolate extremists

no puritan martyrs

define penal laws

laws made against catholics

who were the arminians and what did they argue?

anti-calvinist, more elaborate services, communion central, bishops were special men who had been given power by god

what were the two types of puritans

moderates and separatists

why did james like the church of england over presbyterian church

liked the structure of bishops because it meant he could assert his authority as supreme governor and his divine right to rule

presbyterians didnt recognise the crown as head of the church

how did puritans differ from anglicans

severity of beliefs

name 2 archibishops

canterbury and york

how were the church doctrines given

39 articles of belief

who were the anglicans

majority of the C of E

believed in moderate, calvinist-based theology

accepted bishops and centred worship on communion

Who were Presbyterians?

scottish church system with no bishops

didnt recognise crown as head of church

james disliked

who were the puritans

wanted to purify the C of E - vocal minority

calvinists who resented bishops

sermon centre - preaching word

percentage of england that were roman catholic

under 5%

what was pluralism

because the parish priests would often earn as little as £10 a year or less, they often had to take on more than one parish which was known as pluralism

parish priests

very small proportion recieved a uni degree so much ignorance

married clergy found it difficult to maintain wife and family without a private income

laity controlled right to appoint clergy and thus entitled to the tithe - often gave parish priest very little

who was the archbishop of canterbury

john whitgift 1583-1604, richard bancroft 1604-1610 then george abbot 1611 - 1633

when and where was charles I killed

2pm 30th january 1649 outside whitehall banquetting house

when were the 39 articles agreed by canterbury and york

1562

How many signatures were there on Charles I's death warrant

59

What is significant about the execution of king charles I

only time a king has been executed for treason

What happened on the day of the regicide

law was passed making a committee headed by Oliver Cromwell in charge instead of Charles

days after, Scotland overrode England and made Charles II king

in his final speech, who did king charles I rule out for ruling

parliament

what was the average number of kids per family

2.4

what was the basic family unit

nuclear but people married earlier

why was there a lot of geographical mobility

because london acted as a magnet because it was the centre of the country's trade and urban wealth was concentrated there