water soluble overview and B complex

plant foods

water-soluble vitamins are found more regularly in __________.

enrichment

several B vitamins are added to grain foods through a process called __________.

small intestines, active transport

water soluble vitamins are readily absorbed in the __________, via ________, and move into the blood supply.

not

water-soluble vitamins are _______ typically found in large qualities in the body due to excretion.

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, B6, biotin, folate, B12

what is included in the b complex?

coenzymes

water-soluble vitamins function as _________.

hematopoietic, energy/nutrient metabolism, gene expression

what are the 3 broad functions of b complex?

antioxidant, coenzyme gene expression

what are the 2 broad functions of vitamin c?

food additives

water-soluble vitamins are often used as ________ to enriched foods (B) or as preservatives/stabilizers (C).

8

there are _____ B vitamins.

thiamin

________ was the first vitamin discovered.t

fortified/enriched foods, pork, whole gains, trout, tuna

what are the best sources of thiamin?

inhibits absorption

how does alcohol impact thiamin bioavaliability?

thiaminase/anti-thiaminase factor is highly present in raw fish, decreases vitamin activity, destroys thiamin

how does raw fish impact thiamin bioavaliability?

active transport, proximal duodenum

thiamin is readily absorbed by _______ in the ___________.

gut microbiota

small amounts of thiamin can be synthesized by _______.

thiamin diphosphate (TDP)

most thiamin found in the body is in the form of _____________.

intestinal phsophatases

TDP is found in most animal foods; however, ______________ remove the phosphates and free thiamin is absorbed.

carb metabolism

TDP serves as an important coenzyme, specifically in ________. It works with PDH complex to generate acetyl coa.

acetylcholine

TDP is required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters like _______.

beriberi

thiamin deficiency is known as _______.

substantially blunted energy production, muscle weakness, neuropathy, CV issues- enlarged heart, heart failure

what are the symptoms of beriberi?

yes

can alcohol dependency cause thiamin deficiency?

decreases food intake, impairs absorption, decreased ability to form TDP. leads to Wernicks encephalopathy.

how can alcohol dependency cause thiamin deficiency?

thiamin responsive lactiacidosis

there is no TUL for thiamin. Thiamin can be used to create metabolic conditions like _____________.

g

before it was B2, riboflavin was called vitamin ____.

flavin molecule, ribitol

riboflavin = _____ + ______

represents the sugar, yellow in latin

ribo = _________; flavin = _________

flavin mononucleotide (FMN), Calvijn adenine einucleotide (FAD)

riboflavin functions as an essential part of 2 coenzyme derivatives: ______ and ______.

dairy, milk, yogurt, cheese, beef liver, refined foods

what are good sources of riboflavin?

refined, enrichment

riboflavin is most lost when grains are _______; it is added back through a process called _________.

sunlight/ligt

riboflavin can be destroyed by ____________.

free, protein-bound, coenzyme form

how can riboflavin be found in foods?

protein, proteases

before riboflavin can be absorbed, it must be digested and released from any _______. _______ and the low pH of the stomach aid this process.

oxidizing agents

FMN and FAD are important ____________ required fro many redox reactions.

oxidized, reduced

FMN and FAD= ______ forms; FMNH2 and FADH2 = __________ forms.

nucleic acid metabolism, support B6 and folate, metabolize neurotransmitters/choline, antioxidant (regenerate reduced from of glutathione), macronutrient metabolism

what are the functional roles of FMN and FAD?

redox reactions that decarboxylate pyruvate and alpha-ketogluterate (PDH/TCA cycle), succinate dehydrogenase (forms FADH2 and fumigate), and acyl-con dehydrogenase (requires FAD for b-oxidation)

where does FAD/FMN play a role in macronutrient metabolism?

ariboflavinosis

what is riboflavin deficiency called?

glossitis, chilosis, skin rashes, confusion, headaches

what are the symptoms of ariboflavinosis?

blood test

riboflavin often requires a _______ to confirm deficiency.

nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

what are the 2 forms of niacin?

coenzyme

niacin primarily functions as a __________ and is involved in 400+ reactions.

tuna, chicken, turkey (dark meat is better)

what are the best sources of niacin?

cereals, grains nuts, seeds, coffee, tea

what are the ok sources of niacin?

fruits, vegetables

what are the poor sources of niacin?

nicotinamide

____________ form of niacin is commonly used to fortify foods.

tryptophan (TRP)

niacin can be made from ____________.

1

60 mg of TRP can yield _________ mg of niacin.

50

_____% of niacin in the US comes from tryptophan

niacin equivalence (NE)

because of the contribution of both TRP and vitamins in food, we use the term ________ to account fro all forms of niacin in the diet.

16 mg, 14, 18, 17

niacin RDAs:

men-

women-

pregnant-

breastfeeding-

small intestine, na+-dependent carrier system

nicotinamide and nicotinic acid are absorbed in the _________ via ____________.

nicotinamide

if niacin is in the form of NAD or NADP in food, it must be digested down to ________ before it can be absorbed.

NADP to NAD by pyrophosphate, NAD to nicotinamide by glycohydrolase

how is NADP broken down into nicotinamide?

part of NAD/NADP

what is naicin’s most important function?

carb and lipid metabolism

what do NADP/NADP play an important role in?

catabolic, anabolic

NAD is needed for _______ reactions, and NADP is needed for _______ reactions.

3-6

research suggest that ___-___ g/day of niacin can treat high blood lipids.

flushing, vascular vasodilation, liver injury

what are the side effects of high doses of niacin?

pellagra

what is niacin deficiency called?

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

what are the symptoms of pellagra?

35 mg/day

what is the TUL of niacin?

b-alanine and pantry acid by an amide linkage

what comprises pantothenic acid (B5)?

beef liver, cereals, sunflower seeds, yogurt

what are good sources of pantothenic acid?

75

up to ___% of pantothenic acid is lost during refinement. It is often added back during enrichment.

lost in the water during thawing

why is most pantothenic acid in meat lost during freezing?

calcium or sodium pantothenate

what will pantothenic acid be listed as on supplements?

85, coenzyme a

about ____% of pantothenic acid in food occurs as part of ________.

passive diffusion, small intestines

pantothenic acid is primarily absorbed via _________ in the _______.

50

about ____% of pantothenic acid ingested in food is available fro absorption.

carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions, intermediates (succinylcholine coa and acetyl coa), fatty acid synthesis to build fatty acid chains on the ACP, folate metabolism

why is coenzyme a, and therefore pantothenic acid, important?

malnutrition, alcoholism

pantothenic acid deficiency is rare, but is most commonly causes by _______ and/or _______.

burning feet syndrome

nerve inflammation and a sensation of burning in the feet; linked to b vitamin deficiency

vitamers

vitamin B6 has multiple _______ that are interchangeable and comparably active.

pyroxidine (PN), pyramidal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM)

what are the 3 vitamers of B6?

PLP, PMP

the 3 forms of B6 can be phosphorylated, with the primary coenzymes being ______ and _______.

primarily pyridoxine; chickpeas, potatoes, bananas

what form and sources are B6 in in plant foods?

mainly PLP/PMP; tuna, chicken, pork, beef

what form and sources are B6 in in animal foods?

prolonged exposure to heat (cooking, canning), sterilizing foods, milling/refining grains, food storage

what contributes to the vitamin loss of B6?

PLP/PMP forms must be dephosphorylated to year PL and PM. passive diffusion in the small intestines (jejunum), then released thorugh the portal vein into the liver and muscle

how is B6 digested /absorbed?

75

the jejunum can absorb ___% of B6.

5-10

shelver can store ___-___% of B6, and the rest in tth body is found in muscle.

RBC formation, glycogen degradation, conversion of tryptophan to niacin, GABA synthesis, metabolism of linoleum and arachidonic acid, amino acid metabolism

what are the 6 functions of B6?

transamination/deamination

PLP is necessary for ________/______- reactions, which form non-essential proteins.

glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen-phosphate

PLP is bound to ______ and is required in the final step where a phosphate group is transferred for ____________. This role alone accounts for 50% of the body’s B6.

10-25

____-____ mg 2x a day of b6 can prevent nausea in pregnancy.

heat treatment of breastmilk

b6 deficiency was common in the 60s in infants because…

older adults and alcoholics

who is at risk of b6 deficiency?

dermatitis, depression, confusion, anemia, convulsions

what are the symptoms of b6 deficiency?

yes

can megadoses of b6 be toxic?

severe nerve damage

b6 deficiency can lead to _________, with issues walking and numbness in the hands/feet.

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid

what 4 b vitamins are required by the pdh complex?

carbon dioxide

in its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that add __________ to other molecules.

h

biotin (B7) was once known as vitamin _____.

beef liver, eggs, salmon, sunflower seeds, almonds, sweet potato

what are the best sources of biotin?

avidin

glycoprotein found int aw egg whites that may irreversibly bind to biotin int he GI tract and prevent absorption

heat

_______ inactivates the avidin glycoproteins.

free or bound

in food, biotin can be ______ or ______ to protein.

all

almost _____ biotin is absorbed.