Animal Nutrition Carbohydrates

What are Carbohydrates used for

Energy

How are Carbohydrates initially produced

Produced in nature by plants (phtoosynthesis)

Carbohydrate Sources

In plants

Found in large amounts in forages

Highly concentrated energy source in grains

What carb is this

Glucose

Monosaccharides

Monemers(one unit building block) make up monosaccharides and they can be put together to make other carbs

Made of 5-6 carbon rings

The Simple Sugars

C6H12O6

Examples of Monosaccharides

1.Glucose

2.Fructose

3.Maltose

4.Galactose

Glucose

Also called Dextrose

Most important monosaccharide

Glucose Function

Principle energy source metabolized by the body and transported in blood

-Used to make ATP

-Used to transport energy (ATP can’t leave cells)

Fructose

-Occurs in small amounts in fruits, honey, nectar, and plant juices

-Sweetest of all sugars

-Converted to glucose in liver

Disaccharides

Contains 2 sugar molecules or 2 monomers

Sweeterns

Types of Disaccharides

1.Sucrose

2.Lactose

3.Maltose

Sucrose

Sugar: Glucose attached to a Fructose

Thats why its sweet

Lactose

Lactose is in milk

(Galactose attatched to Glucose)

Malatose

Glucose attatched to Glucose

Lactose process

Sucrose enzyme breaking bond release glucose and fructose

Table sugar is an example

Extracted from:

-Sugar cane and beets

-Sugar maple trees

Lactose Example

Table sugar

Extracted from

-Sugar cane and beets

-Sugar maple trees

How are Disaccharides used in livestock feeds?

-They are sweeteners,improve palatability (increase desire to eat

Horse: sweet food and using molasses in it

Pigs: gain more weight when eating sweeter feed and help when weaning pigs to encourage them to eat sweet feeds.

Maltose

Animals have multate enzyme to break bond and release glucoses

-Found in starchy plants and roots

-Used for maltzs

Animals that break down lactose

Horses, Pigs, Cows, Bunny

Lactose in Mammals

-Young mammals have lactase enzyme to break bonds in lactose to release glucose and galactose

-Primary carbohydrate in milk and gives young animals energy

What Carbohydrate is this?

Starch (polysaccharide)

Polysaccharides

Consist of multiple monomers more than 2

Important Polysaccharides

1.Strach

2.Cellulose

3.Glycogen

Starch

Glucose linked bonds which animals have enzymes to break

Two types of Starches

Amylose-Linear

Amylopectin- some branching

Where is starch found?

Grains, tubers and roots

Starch Purpose

Energy storage molecules

Glycogen

-Glucose molecules

-Highly branched

-Synthesized in ANIMALS only

Glycogen Function

-Energy Storage

-Muscle and Liver

Cellulose background

-Refered to as a dietary fiber

-Most common organic molecule on Earth

Examples of Cellulose

-Wood, Leaves, Stem, Cotton

Cellulose

Glucose linked with no branching

-Animals dont have enzymes to break down it

-Microbes are used instead to provide enzyme to break down the fiber

Hemicellulose

-Found in Plants

-Mixed polysaccharide (Pentoses and hexoses)

-Branching chains

-Microbes needed to break bonds

Lignin

Plant component that is basiclly indigestible, even by microbes.

-Can block breakdown and decrease utilization of nutrients

NonRuminant digestion of sugar and starch?

Majority of digestion occurs in the small intestine

-Amylase enzymes from pancreas breaks to disacharides

-Broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes then absorbed

Minority of digestion occurs in mouth or stomach

-Salivary amalyse

Fiber digestion in NonRuminants

Cellulose, hemicellulose and other fibers are digested by microbes in cecum and colon.

-Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA’s) produced and absorbed, then converted to ATP

-Horses, swine and rabbits digest best, dogs and cats dont digest much fiber.

Types of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA’s)

1.Acetate

2.Propionate

3. Butyrate

Microbial Digestion

Cow digestion tract is 75% microbial digestion

Horse digestion tract is 46% microbial digestion

Pig is 36%

Human digestion is 17% microbial digestion

Glucose Absorbtion location in Nonruminants

Mostly in upper SI (duedenum and jejunum)

Fructose is converted to glucose in intestinal mucosal cells

Nonruminant Absorption of Nutrients

Most monosaccharides require active diffusion by requiring sodium (NA+)

-Pumped from SI lumen across intestinal membrane

-Transported into blood

Non-Ruminant (Horse)

1 chambered stomach

-Food travels down esophagus through the smaller tunnel into stomach chamber

Ruminant( Cow)

-Goes into the 4 chambers of the stomach

-Reticulum+ Rumen ,Omasum, Abomasum

Digestion of Sugar, Starch, and Fiber in Ruminants

-Occurs in stomach by using microbial fermentation,

Produces:

• CO2, H20, Heat, Volatile fatty acids (used for ATP)

• VFA’s: Acetic, Propionic, Butyric(lowest amounts)

VFA’s in Ruminants

VFA’s are absobed rapidly in rumen/reticulum and some in omasum

-Rumen: dip in dots (most of absorption occurs here)

-Reticulum: Honeycomb (feed stays here)

Omasum: stack of leather flaps (absorbs water and filters feed)

Carbohydrates energy uses

Carbohydrates fuel quick burst and are the fastest to access

-Sprinting, jumping, lifting

Carbohydrates Three Branches

-Absorbable Carbs

-Digestible Carbs

-Indigestible Carbs

If we keep pumping glucose across the membrane into blood it will raise blood sugar. How do we regulate this

Hormones regulate glucose so it doesnt cause high blood pressure buy using

-Insulin: helps store glucose

-Glucagon: helps release glucose when needed

(Insulin and Glucagon are opposits)

Hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?

Insulin

What does the Insulin Hormone do?

-Allows liver or muscle cells to absorb glucose from bloodstream

1. Used for energy storage or converted to glycogen(glycogenesis) for storage if there is excess

2. Insulin inhibits release of glucagon

How do we release stored glucose when we need it?

Glucagon

Glucagon Function

Glucagon is a hormone that helps release glucose

-Breaks down glycogen

-Glucagon is secreted by pancreas when blood sugar is low

Glycogen in liver and Muscle

Glycogen—> glucose back into bloodstream in liver

Glycogen—> glucose used in mucscle

What happens to metabolism after a meal?

Called the Postprndial State

-Absorb glucose from food

-Produce insulin

-Stores glucose as glycogen

When happens to your metabolism when you fast?

-No glucose absorption

-Produce of glucagon (helps with low blood sugar)

-Breaks down glycogen into glucose

Postprandial State

Post eating or post meal full state

What disease is commonly associated with insulin production problems or use problems?

Diabetes

Type I is problems with production

Type II is problems with use

Implications of glucose in urine (Glucosuria)

-Insulin not promoting glucose uptake from blood so the blood is filtered by kidneys

Kidneys can only absorb so much glucose from the blood and the rest gets excreted.

Implications of a dog having excessive thirst in relations to glucose

-Glucose in urine draws more water via osmosis

-Needs to replenish

Diet fix is to eat low starch and sugar amounts but high fiber

Dietary Energy overview

Energy is typically first concern when developing diets

Carbohydrates used to provide most energy in lifestock diets

Energy Chemical Breakdown

-Heat produced when compound completley oxidized

-In cell, glucose oxidized to CO2+H20+energy(ATP)+heat

How to quantify energy in nutrition

Calories

Digestible Energy

Measurement of energy within feed stuff

-Energy absorbed from feed after digestion

-GE- Energy Lost in feces

-Determined by digestibility trial

Metabolized Energy (ME)

-Energy after losses from feces and urine

-More accurate than DE but harder and costlier to determine