1.5- Greek Period Study- END OF THE GPW AND ITS AFTERMATH- 419-404

Who was in the quadrouple allience

Athens, Argos, Mantinea and Elis

Why was the quadruple alliance made

• Argos was fearful of being isolated if they didn’t get involved and they aspired to take over the PL

• Athens felt Sparta wasn’t adhering to the peace Nicias “Outraged”

• Alcibiades was annoyed at being sidelined so he sent out a letter to Argos to meet.

Conquest of Epidaurus (QA)

Argos was annoyed by Athens’ negligence to launched a 3rd unsuccessful attack

Sparta launched a full scale attack against Argos

Attack on Arcadia (QA)

Argos persuades king Agis (Sparta) to a 4 month cease fire. Alcibiades arrives and convinces Argos to resume war. QA attack Arcadia but Elis and Mantinea fall out on where to attack next, Elis returns home

Battle of Mantinea (QA)

Sparta wins and restores battle reputation

Aftermath of the battle on Mantinea

• Argos make a 50 year peace with Sparta

• Mantinea loses faith in alliance and makes a 30 year peace with Sparta

• Elis returns to PL

• Athens is weakened by the defeat and loss of Athens

• Alcibiades decides they need a show of strength and set their sights on the neutral island of Melos

What were the main points in the Melian dialogue

Athens- The weak should submit to the strong

Melos- morally fighting for right against wrong

What happened at Melos

Killed all men and enslaved all women and children- showed Alcibiades aggressive policy that went against Pericles policy

what were the 3 strategies suggested at the Secillian expedition

nicias- sail around and dont get involved- solve it diplomatically

lamachus- immediate battle, element of surprise

Alciabides- send envoys to sicily to make allies and attak seracuse instead

What happened to Alciabides before the sicilian expedition and what did he do

accused of mutilating the hermae and his trial was set during the secilian expedition. Alciabides defected to Sparta and started giving them advice

what happened at Sicily

they continued with Alciabides’ plan and put an unwilling Nicias in charge. Nicias was too cautious and Athens took too long to send reinforcements so they ultimately lost

what dies Thucydides say about the Sicilian expedition

it was a mistake as they departed from pericles’ defensive strategy and they were ignorant of the size of the island and the scale of the war

what was the occupation of Decelea

Sparta listened to Alciabides’ advice to fortify Decelea and they cut off Athenian supply lines including their access to the silver mines

Ionian war- allied revolts

Spartans tried to help the Chians (Athens last ship providing ally) to revolt but were late because of an earthquake. However Alciabides gives a persuasive speach and convinces revolts in Chios and Miletus

Ionian War- Persia

Sparta makes treaty with Persia to carry out the war jointly. Alciabides, after falling out with Sparta, advises his friend Tissaphernes to not fully support eiter side, but let them destroy each other so Persia can take over

The Ionian War- political revolution

Alciabides organised an oligarchic revolution in Athens. He told his fleet at Samos not to support the revolution so they overthrew the oligarchs and Alciabides was seen as a hero and given command over land and sea

The Ionian War- Lethal Lysander

• Battle of Notium- Alciabides’ fleet disobayed him and he was blames and tripped of command

• Battle of Arginusae- Lysander was recalled and Sparta lost but despite this, Athens sentenced 6/8 of their generals to death for negligence. Sparta offered peace but were rejected again

• Battle of Aegospotami- Lysander blocked the corn route and attaked the Athenians while they ate- Athens had no choice but to surrender

What was the impact of te Persians on the GPW

• finacially supported Sparta and made the battle of Aegoespotami possible

• Attempted to weaken bot Athens and Sparta by prolonging the conflict

what were the reasons for Athenian defeat (8)

• death of Pericles early in the war

• agressive athenian strategy after his death

• Sicilian campaign

• revolt of the allies

• Persian influence

• Athenian vs spartan leadership

• demos

• Athenian mistakes vs spartan mistakes

what did Thucydides believe was the reason they failed

initially blames sicilian campaign and Nicias however he late canged it to the Athenian demos

• easily influenced and fickle

• unwise choice of leaders

• failure to accept peace

• internal revolution