The Protestant and Counter (Catholic) Reformations

What were some of the factors leading up to the Protestant Reformation?

-The slow deterioration of the authority that the church thought it had during this time
-The distrust of the church, which started, in a large, at -Avignon, when even the leaders of the church were at odds with each other
-The reject of scholasticism
-The failure of an effective reform movement
-The desire for rulers to have more control over the church
-An exaggerated spiritual devotion
-The selling of churches offices: Simony
-The sale of indulgences: "buying your way out of purgatory"

Who was Martin Luther?

He was a diligent student, lived a pious life, and became a teacher but he was unhappy, Born in Saxony in 1485, second of 8 children, His father was strict and encouraged him to practice law, Luther didn't want to go into law so he instead became an Augustinian friar, a catholic monk and priest in 1505

What led to him becoming a monk?

He made this decision after a violently thunderstorm: Lightning almost hit him and he vowed to God that if he survived the storm he would dedicate his life to God

What did he post on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral door?

His 95 Theses

What was one of the biggest issues he raised in what he posted?

They spread all throughout Germany especially to prominent clerics and scholars at the time, Luther was brought before the Dominican Cardinal Cajetan, who objected to Luther's attack on the Churches infallibility

Why was it so successful in its spread throughout all of Europe?

The printing press

Who was the pope with whom he disagreed?

Pope Leo X

What were some of Luther's "true" beliefs which came to light after his public debate?

He disagreed with papal supremacy, The authority of the councils, Rejected the Letter of St. James because it disagreed with Luther's ideas

What are the three Sola's that encapsulate Protestant theology? What do each of them mean?

-Sola Scriptura: whereas the church's position was Scripture and Tradition contained the Deposit of Faith, Luther believed Scripture alone transmits Revelation
-Sola Fide: Luther stated that humankind is justified by faith alone, rather than both faith and good works, as the Catholic Church teaches
-Sola Gratia: Rejected the understanding that our cooperation with God's grace is essential for salvation and believed salvation comes solely by divine grace, an unearned gift from God, and it's not merited by the sinner

What two things did Martin Luther burn and why was that significant?

the bull and the code of canon law and burns them, it was a symbolic thing since it was the pope himself who should've been burned

Where was he asked to recant and his final sentence passed?

The diet of worms

Into which language did Luther translate the bible? Why was that so significant?

German, He was doing it on his own instead of in the light of the church

Who was the second major figure of the Reformation?

John Calvin

How do his beliefs differ from Martin Luther?

- did not like elaborate rituals, ornamentations, and statues
- he denied Christs presence in the Eucharist

What famous book did he write, becoming the most widely read book in the 16th century?

Institutes of Catholic Religion

Who is the third major figure of the Reformation?

Ulrich Zwingli

How do his beliefs differ from Martin Luther?

-suppressing mass
-sacraments such as: Penance, Anointing of the sick, Destroyed images, Statues, Relics, Altars, Organs, melted down chalices and monstrance's and turns them into coins
-He got rid of hymns, stopped using vestments, statues, and did away with mass since it was not seen as a sacrifice but only a memorial meal

Why did Henry VIII want to divorce Catherine of Aragon?

She gave him a boy but he died as a baby and he was interested in Anne Bolin

What was the name of the daughter he had with Catherine?

Mary

What was the name given to that daughter given how ruthless she was?

Bloody Mary

Why was she so ruthless?

She beheaded many because she wanted to restore Catholicism

Who refused to grant King Henry VIII an annulment from Catherine?

Clement VII

What was the "Act of Supremacy?"

this established henry VIII the head of the church

Which two bishops refused to take the oath and what happened to them as a result?

Bishop Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher and, as a result, both were beheaded

How many wives did Henry VIII have? What happened to his second wife?

6 wives and he beheaded Anne Bolyn.

Did he ever have a male heir? If so, who and with whom?

Yes, Edward with Jane Seymor

Who was Elizabeth I?

His daughter with Anne Bolin, Makes England a protestant kingdom

What were the three ways the Church sought to reform itself?

The Council of Trent, The Society of Jesus, Spiritual Renewal

Who called forth the Council of Trent? What was the most unlikely of people to do so?

Pope Paul III, He lived a worldly life and he favors the arts

Who were the Borgia family?

Alexander VI and his daughter and then he is believed to go on to have a child with his daughter

Whom did that pope excommunicate?

He excommunicated Henry VIII in 1538 for his rebellious action

What is an interdict? Who was placed under that interdict?

England was placed under it and it was prohibiting england

How many sessions were there during the Council of Trent? Which session was the most productive?

3, the third was the most productive
-The 1st occurred in 1545-1547 and had to be suspended due to war in Germany and disease in Trent
-The second occurred in 1551-1553 and had to be halted by war
-The third was 1562-1563 and was by far the most productive Pope Paul IV was made pope and he approved all of the decrees that were put forth

What is "Anathema?

The council of Trent condemned different heretical thoughts or ideas but in an effort to not name names or groups of people who held these ideas

In what ways did the Council seek to reform the clergy?

The clergy by reemphasizing celibacy, States that bishops must remain in their diocese for more than 3 months since many were not living in Rome, It abolishes Nepotism, It establishes seminaries, All priests must be under a superior or a bishop thereby reigning them in a little more

What is celibacy?

the state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations

What is nepotism?

Taking place in a higher position through your family/ parents.

What did the Council give the Church to help Her distinguish between Catholic and Protestant theology?

It created a catechism

For further protection what was the name of the list it created, resulting in their burning?

it created a list of forbidden books, which Paul VI abolished in 1959

What were indulgences? How did the Council seek to reform their usage?

Indulgences was a way to skip purgatory and go straight to heaven, they were still allowed but could not be bought or sold

Which books of the Bible did the Council declare official?

Stated that the books of Tobit, Judith, wisdom, Sirach or Ecclesiasticus, Bharuch, Maccabees 1 and 2 were all canonical and official books of the bible, most of the old testament

What became the official Bible of the Church as a result of the Council?

the vulgate the official bible

What are the three sources of authority in the Catholic Church?

Scripture, Tradition, Magisterium

Name two important contributions St. Pope Pius V made to the Church

The catechism and the missile

What Feast Day resulted from the Battle of Lepanto?

the feast of Our Lady of the rosary

Who was St. Ignatius of Loyola and why was he a saint of the Counter Reformation?

A leader of the Spanish reformation and was the founder of the Jesuits. Takes a vow of obedience to the pope and they were known as the foot soldiers to the pope.

What Religious Order did he find and why was it so important?

Jesuits

What is a Catholic mystic?

Seeking a unity with God in a spiritual way.

How did the mystics contribute to the Counter Reformation?

By the whole idea of the mystical experience with God where they want to become one with God.

Briefly explain the saint you chose emphasizing why he/she was a saint of the Counter Reformation

He is well-known for his writings and work in spiritual direction, which includes the beloved "Introduction to the Devout Life." He is well-liked in Catholicism because of his kind approach to spirituality and emphasis on how holiness is accessible to everyone. Pope Alexander VII declared him to be a saint in 1665. St. Francis de Sales played a big role in the Counter-Reformation, working to strengthen the Catholic Church's position and bring about spiritual renewal in the face of Protestant challenges.