Bio 113 Exam 1

Biology

Study of living things, science of life

Classification

multilevel grouping of individuals

Genera

Earliest classification scheme

Polynomial

series of non standardized descriptions to the genus name, this string of subjective names is polynomial

Carolus Linnaeus

assigned organism called a binomial

Linnean system of classification

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Genus

Species

Species

six kingdom classification system Carl Woese

Animalia (Eukaryotes)

Plantae (Eukaryotes)

Fungi (Eukaryotes)

Protista (Eukaryotes)

Archaea (Prokaryotes) (No nucleus)

Bacteria (Prokaryotes) (No nucleus)

Domain

Differences among the prokaryotes

Domain Archea

Domain Bacteria- most abundant

Domain Eukarya

Atoms

Smallest unit of a molecule (made up of protons, neutrons and electrons)

Number of protons tell you what the atom is

Molecules

union of two or more atoms of the same or different element

Macromolecules

Polymers of molecular building blocks having a similar composition (really long molecules)- Carbs, DNA, RNA etc

Organelles

Substructures in the cell having a dedicated function and large enough to be seen in a light microscope (Nucleus)

Cell

smallest unit of life

Tissue

Group of similar cells that preform a particular function

Organ

Several tissues join together to form this

Organ System

Organs work together to form this

Emergent properties

Cells doing more than the physical manifestation of a cell. Things we can’t explain like love, ethics or what numbers are.

Population

Same species, same place S

Species

Organization by kind

Community

Multiple different species

Ecosystem

The load and burden it can carry to provide for every species in the community.

Emergent properties

result from the interaction of diverse but simpler components

Ex: metabolism & Consciousness

5 biological themes

Homeostasis

Energy Flow

Structure Function

Cooperation - multi species thing like bacteria in a gut

Evolution (changes in gene frequency)

Homeostasis

“steady state” when we are out of homeostasis we are often imbalanced. The cells should be operating a metabolic optimum. Internal environment is stable, organisms control internal environments so the complex processes of metabolism function efficiently

Energy Flow

All living things need energy, we get energy from the sun that flows through the living world, organism acquire energy differently, how much energy is available determine show many and what kinds of organism can live together in an ecosystem

Structure Function

Structure determine function

Evolutions favors adaptation

Some structures are specialized for a particular function

Cooperation

As energy is limited many organisms have evolved cooperation as a means of survival

(Ex: fish that clean sharks and act as food source)

Evolution (changes in gene frequency)

evolution is a change in the heritable characteristics of a population over succeeding generations

Natural selection

change in gene pool of a population, measurable as changes in allele frequencies in a population

Symbiosis

When two species live in direct contact and need each other

Deductive Reasoning

using general principes to explain specific observations

Reasoning behind math, philosophy, politics and ethics

Inductive reasoning is

careful examination of specific cases to discover general principles

looking at individual pieces to see how the big structure works

Joseph Farman

discovered 30% decrease in the ozone in 1985.

His research showed us that chlorine from CFC’s was the culprit.

CFC’s produced by industry bind to ice crystals of ice provides place for reaction of Cl with ozone, they bound to the ice crystals is a catalyst for ozone breakdown with UV light. More UV lights gets to the surface.

Scientific limitation

it’s limited to organism and processes that can be observed and measured, Science cannot be relied upon to solve all problems

4 theories unify biology

The Cell Theory

The Gene Theory

The theory of Heredity

The Theory of Evolution/Natural Selection

Cell Theory

Cells basic unit of life

all cells come from preexisting cells

All organisms are composed of at least one cell

The gene theory

Genetic info is encoded molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Genes encode specific proteins or RNA or act to regulate other genes

The proteins and RNA encoded by an organism’s genes determine what it will be like (form and function)

The theory of heredity

genes are passed down by generations as discrete units

Mendel’s theory of heredity gave rise to field of genetic

Chromosomal theory of inheritance located mendelian genes on chromosomes.

Domains

All living organisms are related to one another in a common tree of decent

The 6 kingdoms of life are grouped into three domains

theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

Bacteria

Archaea

Eurkarya

Theory of evolution

Charles drawin attributed evolution to natural selection

Organisms best able to respond to the challenges of living will leave more offspring thus their traits become more common

A change in the frequence of traits that affects the reproductive success in a population or specifies across generations

Scientists have been able to identify changes in individual genes that are responsible for differences among individuals

Matter

Organisms are chemical machines

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space

exist in solid, liquid or gas

all matter is made up of atoms

get enough of the same atom and you have an element

Atoms

all atoms have the same structure

Nucleus- comprised of protons (positively charged) and neutrons

number of protons determine element identity dv

Electrons subatomic particles that orbits the nucleus (negatively charged) and almost zero mass

ions

ions- atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons

isotopes

atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutronsmos

most elements in nature exists in mixtures

Noble Gases (last column)

Outer valence shell is fulfilledO

Octet Rule

8 atoms- 8 electrons in the outer shell, (valance shell) all atoms are trying to achieve this

Rutherford Model

Atoms must be mostly empty space, created atoms models

Schrodinger orbitals

described mathematical probabilities of where atoms reside

Potential Energy

Electrons have energy of position

Electrons occupy energy levels or

electron shells

electron shells

three dimensional volumes of space called orbitals

When electrons mpve to a lower energy level, closer to the nucleus

Energy is released (often as light)

Atoms that have incomplete electron orbitals they tend to be what?

More reactive

Basis of chmeical bonding

Atoms loosing, gaining and haring electrons in order to fill their outermost electron shell

Ions

atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons

Isotopes

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Oxidation

lose of electrons

Reduction

Gain of electrons

Radioactive decay

Some isotopes are unstable and break up into particles with lower atomic numbers (protons)

Uses are dating fossils, medical procedures, and sterilizing foods

Radioactive Tracer

Short lived isotopes

Decay rapidly and don’t harm the body

Can be used as tracer in medical diagnosis `

Molecules

Group of atoms help together by energy in the form of a chemical bond

3 types of chemical bonds

Ionic-

Covalent -

• polar bonds

• nonpolar bonds

Hydrogen

Van der Waals

forces are a kind of weak chemical attraction that come into play when atoms are very close to each other (not bonds)

Ionic bonds

involve the attraction of opposite electrical charges

If the difference between electronegativity is large you get a ionic bond

Electronegativity

strength of the tendency to attract electrons to it

Crystals

Molecules comprised of ionic bonds are often most stable as crystals

Polar covalent

The difference between elements is different but not nearly as much as ionic bonds.

Covalent bond

difference between elements are very small (difference between two oxygen)