APHuG Fall Semester Review

finals babyy

absolute direction

based on the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west

absolute distance

exact measurement of the physical space between two places

absolute location

exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

concentration

the spread of something over a given area

density

the number of objects in a particular space

distance decay (friction of distance)

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space

environmental determinism

a doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions

formal region (uniform region)

an area that shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

functional region

an area organized around a node or focal point

geographic information systems (GIS)

a set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze. and display geographic data

globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

global positioning system (GPS)

satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

landscape

visible features of an area of land

latitude

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

longitude

distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

map projection

a way or representing the spherical earth on a flat surface

pattern

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

place

a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character

possibilism

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

prime meridian

the meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich England

qualitative

data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements

quantitative

data that is in numbers

reference map

maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude

region

a geographic unit based on one or more common characteristics or functions

relative direction

directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, down, based on people’s perception of places

relative distance

approximate measurement of the physical space between two places

relative location

the position of a place in relation to another place

remote sensing

the scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it

resources

materials found in the earth that people need and value

site

the absolute location of a place described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics

situation

the relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the larger regional or spatial system of which it is a part

spatial

pertaining to the space on the earth’s surface

sustainability

the use of earth’s renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future

thematic map

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

time-space compression (convergence)

the decreasing distance between places

toponym

the name given to a place on Earth

vernacular / perceptual region

a region based on the perception of a person of an area. This perception may not be agreed upon by everyone

spatial perspective

refers to where something occurs

ecological perspective

relationships between living things and their environments

space

the area between two or more things on Earth’s surface

flow

the movement of people, goods, politics, economics and cultural in a space

scale

the area of the world being studied

world system theory

describes the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy

map scale

the mathematical relationship between the size of a map and the part of the real world it shows

large scale map

a detailed close-up map

medium scale map

small scale map

shows very few details and a much larger area

choropleth map

uses color to show data

chartogram map

the shapes get bigger or smaller based on their values

porportional map

uses symbols. the symbols size are based on the data. the size can be big or small depending on the value

dot density map

dots that are located where the data is and the more dots the higher the value of the data in that location

flow map

has lots of arrows or lines that indicate movement

isoline map

has lines that connect data points of equal value. they show particular characteristics in an area

age distribution

percentage of the total population or the population of each sex, at each age level

asylum seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking safety in another

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

carrying capacity

largest number of individuals of a population that and environment can support

census

a complete enumeration of a population

chain migration

the migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community

demographic

relation to population

dependency ration

the number of people under age 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

doubling time

the time required for a population to double in size

ecumene

the portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

epidemiology

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

internally displaced persons (IDP)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within their country’s borders

intervening obstacle

an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

life expectancy

the average number of year and individual can be expected to live with the conditions. life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

migration

the movement of people from one place to another

natality

relating to birth stats

overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

push-pull factors

push factors are forces that drive people away from an area and pull factors draw people to a new location

quotas

in reference to migration, laws that place max limits of the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

rate of natural increase (RNI)

the percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration

refugee

a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

transnational

extending or operating across national boundaries

transhumance

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

arithmetic density

number of objects in a given area

physiological density

the number of people per square unit of arable land

agricultural density

number of farmers per square unit of arable land

types of distribution patterns

uniform, clustered, linear, random, dispersed

human migration

when people make a permanent move from one place to another

crude birth rate / CBR

the number of live births per 1000 people in a country

crude death rate / CDR

number of deaths per 1000 people in a country

infant mortalitiy rate / IMR

number of babies per 1000 live births that die before they reach the age 1

total fertility rate / TFR

average number of children a woman would have during her child bearing years (15-49)

zero population growth / ZPG

the point where the CBR=CDR

replacement rate

the fertility rate that would keep a country’s population the same size (ZPG). This is 2.1

demographic transition model / DTM

a model that represents the shifts in growth that the world’s populations have undergone—and are still experiencing—overtime

stage 1 of the DTM

stage 2 of the DTM

high CBR, lowering CDR, population growing

stage 3 of the DTM

lowering CBR, slowing population growth

stage 4 of the DTM

ZPG, high population

stage 5 of the DTM

CDR higher than the CBR, population decreasing

epidemiological transition model / ETM

a model that describes changes in fertility, morality, life expectancy and population age distribuition

famine / stage 1 in ETM

infections and parasitic diseases and animal attacks cause human death. this causes there to be a high death rate and low life expectancy

receding pandemic disease / stage 2 of the ETM

improved sanitation, nutrition and medicine, lower spread of infection. this causes the CBR to decrease and life expectancy increases

degenerative and human created diseases / stage 3 of the ETM

fewer deaths from infectious disease and increases in disease related to aging. the CDR is low and the life expectancy increases