Gen Bio 1 Review

Nervous system

Primary command and control center. Consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Consists of neurons and supporting cells.

Neurons

Basic cell of nervous system that connects to synapses. That passes through body to go to mission/goal.

Supporting cells

Dendrites, synapses, and axons

Neuronal plasticity

Ability of nervous system to be modified after birth. Brain can be remodeled and changes are activity dependent.

Memory

The process where data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved (recalled) when needed.

Order of memory formation

1. Stimuli

2. Sensory memory

3. Short term memory

4. Long term memory

Short term memory STM

Information stored for a short time (a few seconds to mins). With a limited capacity of 7 times and released if not relevant (used).

Sensory memory

What you experience. Basically if you pay attention it will be processed.

Long term memory LTM

scrivener when info needs to be retained. As far as we can tell its infinite duration and infinite storage.

process of retrieving memory

To use memory must get information from long-term to then short term. Memory can only be used from STM.

Memory. Use it or lose it.

High activity—> many connections

Low activity—> lose connections

Multiple active synapses means stronger response at all synapses.

Encoding

Translate external info into chemical signals

Retrieval

Bring stored memory from LTM into STM. MEMORY DOES NOT EQUAL LEARNING.

Learning

Use of knowledge/experiences (memory) to decrease likelihood of negative outcome. Learning is application of memory.

Long-term potentiation

Lasting increase in the strength of synaptic transmission: physiological changes. Facilitates memory and retrieval, activity dependent, and learner needs to use information.

“Chunking”

Learning sets of related info facilitates LTP

Describe LTM process of encoding ?

An increase in synaptic strength

which of the following should you do to beer succeed in GB?

Do workshop before workshop, take hand written notes, come prepared to lecture reviews, and ask questions.

Evolution

Core theme of biology. The unity and diversity of organisms.

Emergence

The whole is more than just the sum of its parts

Emergent properties

New process that only appears when two or more things are put together in a certain way to create something new.

Levels of biological organization

1. Organelles (not alive itself)

2. Cells (being alive emerges)

3. Tissues

4. Organs and organ systems

5. Organisms, pops, communities

6. Ecosystems

7. The biosphere

The scientific method

A method of inquiry that seeks natural explanations for natural phenomena’s. Limited to what is observable and measurable.

Hypothesis

Testable explanation for observations based on available data.

Predication

What you expect to see when you test your hypothesis.

Theory

Broad explanation with significant support

Law

Statement of what always occurs under certain circumstances.

The scientific process

NOT LINEAR

1. Observation and question

2. Background

3. Generate hypothesis

4. Make predictions

5. Experiments and observations

6. Evaluate

7. If incorrect do again. OR if correct repeat and verify

You just developed a hypothesis. What do you do next ?

Make a prediction

Electrons

Subatomic particle that is negatively charged and moves rapidly around the atomic nucleus.

Potential energy

Energy (E) the a material possess due to its location or structure. Once its used work has to be done to restore it.

what does CHON stand for

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

relationship of electrons and potential energy (PE)

The location of an electron in distinct shells have PE due to distance from nucleus.

• absorb E to move higher shells

• Release E when closer to lower shell

• Further from nucleus the higher the E

Valence electrons

Occupy the valence shells and are the outer most electrons.

Molecule

A compound of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Emergent properties

Many compounds have different properties than their elements

Electronegativity

Tendency of an atom to attract an electron

covalent bond

An intermolecular bond that involves the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms.

Nonpolar covalent

Same or similar electronegativity of the atoms and they equally share electron.

Polar covalent

Unequal electronegativity and an unequal sharing of electron. Partial charges.

Ionic bonds

Highly unequal electronegativity. Where one atom loses and electron and the other gains one to become ions. Like charged repel and opposites attract.

Ions

Charged atom

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Cation

Positively charged ion

Van der waals interactions

Relatively short lived and weak interactions due to an electrons position and motion. Areas with partial positive and negative charges interact.

hydrogen bonds

Type of van der waals. Partial charged when h binds to an electronegative atom. Often multiple water molecules bonded together by hydrogen bonds.

What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

Covalent shares e; but ionic transfers e

emergent properties of water

Hydrogen bonds and consequences of h bonds (adhesion and cohesion)

Cohesion

Attractive between water molecules

Adhesion

Attraction between water molecules and other substances

Effects of water

Moderates temperature, expands when frozen, and universal solvent.

Hydrophilic

Easily dissolved in water ( POLAR)

Hydrophobic

Does not dissolve in water (NONPOLAR)

Organic compounds

Contain carbon bonded to C or H

Hydrocarbons

Carbon and hydrogen

• non polar and uncharged

• Hydrophobic

• Found in fatty acids

The cell

Basic unit of structure and function essential for life

Prokaryotes consist of

• single cell

• Nucleoid

• Unbound DNA

• Ribosomes

• No organelles

• Plasma/cell membrane

• Cell wall

• Divide by binary fission

• Asexual reproduction

eukaryotes

• generally multicellular

• DNA inside nucleus

• Membrane bound organelles

• Ribosomes

• Some have cell walls

• Divide by mitosis to produce 2 identical daughter cells

Features of all cells

• bound by plasma membranes

• Distinct internal environment

• Genetic information

• Reproduce by division

• Carry out metabolism

• Homeostasis

Which of the following are found in archeal chela but not animal cells ?

nucleoid

Nucleus

• surround membrane=nulcear envelope

• Ensures thet DNA does not leave nucleus

• Extra form of protection

inside:

• DNA organized as linear chromosomes

• Nucleolus makes ribosomes

Nuclear envelope

Consists of 2 membranes which are both lipid bilayers. Lined inside by nuclear lamina. Transported and regulated by nuclear pores.

Evidence for endosymbiosis

• double membranes

• DNA, sequences very similar to living bacteria

• Divide via binary fission

Chloroplasts

Primary site for photosynthesis and only found in photosynthetic lineages.

Ribosomes

Synthesize primary polypeptides (create proteins). Non-membrane bound.

free ribosomes

All cells have this me they are in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Bound ribosomes

Attached to the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

Endomembrane system

Phospholipid bilayers inside a cell that delete red internal and external. Regulated protein folding/movement metabolic functions.

Plasma membrane

One contentious long structure connected via vesicles. Permeable.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Has 2 regions.

Smooth ER:

no ribosomes

Rough ER:

• surface has ribosomes

RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

• Proteins folded and modified

• Secrete glycoproteins

• Distributed transport vesicles

• Cell membrane factory

Smooth ER

• synthesizes lipids

• Metabolized polysaccharides

• Detoxified drugs and poisons

• Stored calcium ions ca²+

Golgi apparatus

Stacks of membrane sacs (cisternae) that modified ER products. Sorts and packages by manufacturing some macromolecules. Ships product using transport vehicles.

Lysosomes

Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes (cell stomach). Primary lysosomes busss off golfi and then food fuses with lysosomes. Secondary lysosomes breaks down complex molecules.

Vacuoles

Membrane bound containers from ER and golfi apparatus that can store food, pump water out, and hold water.

Fluid mosaic model

Plasma membrane is not rigid structure and is made out of different components and proteins.

• phospholipids

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

Amphipathetic structure

Non polar and polar sides. Held together by hydrophobic interactions (van der waals)

Glycoprotein or glycolipid

-polysaccharides attached to proteins

• primarily cell identification (blood types)

Passive transport

Doesn’t use metabolic energy (atp) and moves with the concentration gradient.

Types:

• simple diffusion

• Osmosis

• Facilitated diffusion

• Spontaneous

• Results in dynamic equilibrium

Diffusion

Tendency for molecules of a substance to fill available space.

• small gases

• Small non polar molecules

• Small polar uncharged molecules

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane. Water diffuses from lower to higher H2O. SALT SUCKS.

Isotonic solution

Equal. Outside cell = inside cell no net H2O movement.

Hypertonic solution

Outside cell > inside cell. So, cell will shrivel and shrink. Movement from lower to higher.

Hypotonic solution

Outside cell < inside cell. The cell will fill up and burst. Hypo—> HIPPO

Facilitated diffusion

Large molecules or ions use transport proteins and channel proteins to diffuse. They change their configuration to carry molecules from one side to another.

active transport

Works against the concentration gradient. Helps move large polar molecules (bc hydrophilic). Requires ATP and facilitated by proteins. Or bulk transport of molecules.

The sodium potassium pump

-3 Na+ out, 2K+ ions in

• establishes electrical gradient

• Uses ATP to attach phosphate group to cell as ATP comes in to bring them NA+ leaves and K+ reform to fit in cell.

Bulk transport

exocytosis “out”:

• waste, proteins, and secretory products

• Vesicles fuses with plasma membrane

• Releases contents from cell

Vesicles fuses with primary mechanism for growing plasma membrane.

endocytosis:

• Material taken into cell by forming vesicles derived from plasma membrane Releases contents.

Phagocytosis

“Cellular eating” cell engulfs large particles non-specific by pinching out.

Pinocytosis

“Cellular drinking” infection of fluid and dissolved material. Nonspecific — pinching.

Metabolic pathways

Series of chemical reactions each involves E transformations.

• each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

Anabolic pathways

Synthetic — making bonds — requires E

• simple molecules —> complex molecules

  Ex) synthesis of protein from amino acids

Catabolic pathways

-break bonds —releases energy

• complex molecules —> simple molecules

Ex) cellular respiration

Energy (E)

Capacity to cause change/ do work.

Kinetic

E of motion

Potential

Stored E —> has not yet been used

Thermodynamics

Study of E transformations

1 law of thermodynamics

E cannot be created more destroyed only converted from one form to another. Principle of conservation of E.

Second law of thermodynamics

Measure of disorder transformation, NOT usable— diapered into the environment. Entropy every E transfer of trnafoemarion increases entropy in the universe.

Gibbs free energy (G)

The E available to do work. Cannot be measured, it you can see how G changed during a rxn.