The Living World – Vocabulary Flashcards

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Vocabulary flashcards summarizing key terms and definitions from the lecture notes on The Living World.

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32 Terms

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Life

A unique, complex organization of molecules whose chemical reactions lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation, and reproduction.

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Growth

Increase in number, mass, and size of cells; in plants it is continuous, while in most animals it stops after a certain age.

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Reproduction

Production of progeny resembling parents; may be asexual or sexual, and is not universal among all living beings (e.g., mules, worker bees).

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Metabolism

Sum total of all biochemical reactions in a living system; isolated metabolic reactions are ‘living reactions’ but not living things.

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Consciousness

Ability of organisms to sense and respond to environmental stimuli; humans uniquely possess self-consciousness.

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Cell

Basic structural and functional unit of life; life may be unicellular or multicellular.

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Binomial Nomenclature

Two-part scientific naming system for organisms proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.

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ICBN

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature that governs scientific names of plants.

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ICZN

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature that governs scientific names of animals.

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Taxonomy

Science of identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms.

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Taxonomic Hierarchy

Series of taxonomic categories (species → genus → family → order → class → phylum/division → kingdom).

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Taxon

Any rank or unit in the taxonomic hierarchy, such as species or genus.

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Species

Lowest taxonomic category; a group of individuals with fundamental similarities capable of interbreeding.

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Genus

Aggregate of closely related species (e.g., Panthera includes lion, tiger, leopard).

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Family

Group of related genera showing fewer similarities than a genus (e.g., Felidae).

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Order

Assemblage of related families (e.g., Carnivora includes Felidae and Canidae).

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Class

Assemblage of related orders (e.g., Mammalia).

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Phylum / Division

Assemblage of related classes; called division in plants (e.g., Chordata; Angiospermae).

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Kingdom

Highest taxonomic category, grouping related phyla or divisions (e.g., Animalia, Plantae).

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Botanical Garden

Specialized garden housing labeled living plant collections for reference and identification.

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Royal Botanical Garden, Kew

Famous botanical garden located in England known for extensive plant collections.

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Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah

Major botanical garden in West Bengal, India, serving research and reference purposes.

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National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow

Indian institute maintaining botanical gardens and conducting plant research.

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Taxonomic Key

Device for identifying species using paired contrasting statements (couplets).

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Couplet

Pair of contrasting statements in a taxonomic key leading to alternative choices.

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Lead

Each individual statement within a couplet of a taxonomic key.

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Zoological Park (Zoo)

Facility where live wild animals are kept under human care for study of behavior and diet.

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Museum

Collection of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference, including jars, dry mounts, and skeletons.

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Herbarium

Repository of dried, pressed plant specimens mounted on sheets with detailed labels.

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Flora

Document providing detailed accounts of the habitat and distribution of plant species in a region.

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Manual

Guide offering information for identification of species found within a specific area.

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Monograph

Comprehensive work focusing on a single taxon, providing detailed information.