OU Anatomy Unit 1

UNIT 1

UNIT 1

sagittal plane

perpendicular to body (left & right)

coronal Plane

cut parallel (front & back)

horizontal plane

cut horizontally (top and bottom)

Superior

structure toward the head

Inferior

structure toward feet

Medial

structure closer to midline

Lateral

structure further away from midline

distal

further away from attachment

proximal

closer to attachment

flexing

bending (decreasing angle between body parts) (sagittal)

extending

straightening (increasing angle b/w body parts) (sagittal)

hyperextension

extending past normal

lateral flexion

body flexing sideways

abduction

talking body part away from midline (coronal)

adduction

moving body part closer to midline (coronal)

rotation

rotating around a central axis (not big circle)

circumduction

drawing big circles

elevation

moving upward in anatomical position (shrugging shoulders)

depression

moving downward in anatomical pos. (depressed shoulders)

dorsiflexion

walking on heals (toes up)

plantar flexion

pointing toes

inversion

sole on foot inward

eversion

sole of foot outward

pronation

hands and forearms facing backward

supination

palms forward (anatomical pos)

protraction

moving body part anteriorly

retraction

moving body part posteriorly (double chin)

thumb flexion/eversion

happens in coronal plane (ext: hitchhiking)

thumb abduction/adduction

happens in sagittal plane (ab: grasping)

cutaneous

anything associated with skin

ipsilateral

structures occur on same side of the body

contralateral

structures occur on opposite side of body

unilateral

structures occur on one side of the body

bilateral

structures have right and left member (both sides of body)

process (on bone)

important for muscle attachment (projections from a bone)

facet (on bone)

smooth surfaces on a bone where it comes together

foramen (on bone)

hole in the bone

fossa (on bone)

a depression (where muscles can go)

tubercle (on bone)

bumps on the bone for muscle attachment

pectoral girdle

clavicle, scapula

pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

deltoid m

-big abductor of arm

-lateral rotation/extension: post. head of muscle

-medial rotation/flexion

teres major

-adducts the arm

-medial rotation of arm

rotator cuff

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

supraspinatus

-above spine of scapula

-abducts the arm

infraspinatus

-below spine of scap.

-lateral rotation of arm

teres minor

lateral rotation of arm

subscapularis

medial rotation

serratus anterior

moves scapular forward (ex. throwing a punch)

serratus posterior superior

*under rhomboid*

-elevates ribcage when inhaling

-pulls at an upward angle

serratus posterior inferior

depresses ribcage

levator costarum

helps with breathing

deep back muscles *true* intrinsic

-erector spinae

-transversospinalis

*powerful extenders*

erector spinae (I Love Spaghetti)

-iliocostalis: lateral

-longissimus: intermediate

-spinalis: medial

I Love Spaghetti func.

-bilateral contractions: extension of back

-unilateral contractions: lateral flexion

transversospinalis

-semispinalis: span 5-6 vert

-multifidus: span 3-4 vert (intermediate)

-rotatores: span 1-2 vert (deepest)

tranversospinalis func.

-extension of neck

-muscles at an angle often rotate

-involved in posture

interspinalis

-inbetween spinous processes on vert.

-extension

intertransversarii

-one side contracting: lateral flexion

"bandage muscles"

splenius capitis, splenius cervicis

-unilateral contract: rotation of head and neck

suboccipital triangle

-rectus capitis posterior major

-rectus capitis post. minor

-oblique capitis superior

*extend the head of atlas (C1)

*rotate the head and atlas on axis

rectus capitis post. major

-rotation

-extends head/neck (movement b/w c1-c2)

rectus capitis post. minor

-rotation

-extends head/neck (movement b/w c1-c2)

oblique capitis superior

-extends head/neck

-turns head to same side

oblique capitis inferior

-extends head/neck

-rotation

superficial gluteal mm

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

gluteus maximus

-extension of thigh (main extender)

-lateral rotation

gluteus medius

-abduction of thigh

-medial rotation

gluteus minimus

-abduction of thigh

-medial rotation

lateral rotation of the thigh mm

-piriformis

-obturator internus

-superior gemellus

-inferior gemellis

-quadratus femoris

tensor fascia latae

-medial rotation

-flexion of thigh

superior gluteal a

-above piriformis

-supplies gluteus (max,med,min) and tensor fasciae latae

inferior gluteal a

-below piriformis

-supplies gluteus max

gluteal vv

drains gluteal aa

sciatic n

-tibial

-common fibular *doesnt supply anything to gluteal region*

superior gluteal n

supplies gluteus med/min and tensor fasciae latae

inferior gluteal n

supplies gluteus max

spinal cord

carries info to the brain

(stops at L1 or L2)

conus medullaris

distal end of spinal cord (pointed end of spinal cord proper)

cauda equina

"horse tail"

-bundle of nerves

-spinal nerves in this region are much longer

filum terminale

-one piece of pia mater

-anchors spine into coccyx

spinal nerves func.

-carries info to/from spinal cord

-carries *both* sensory & motor info

how many pairs of spinal nn?

-C1-8 (more than 7 because they come out above vert)

-T1-12

-L1-5

-S1-5

-Co 1

=31 pairs

meninges

-cover spinal cord & brain

dura mater

"tough mother"

-just one layer covers spinal cord

func: -protection

-stability and support

arachnoid

"spider webb"

subarachnoid space

filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

CSF func.

-shock absorber

-diffusion medium for: dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, waste

pia mater

"tender mother"

-directly covers spinal cord

denticulate ligaments

paired extensions of pia mater

-stablelizes spinal cord laterally "side to side"

proprioception

-the body's non-visual awareness of where the body is in space

-how you maintain balance

-carried in ascending tracts to the brain

spinal reflex arc

pathway of sensory impulses from receptors to effectors w/o going to brain first

(pain receptors->spinal cord-> arm/hand)

monosynaptic reflex

sensory neurons synapse directly with a motor neuron (knee jerk)

polysynaptic reflex

one or more internuersons b/w a sensory and motor neuron

dermatomes

-sensory regions monitored by a single spinal segment

-each pair of spinal nn monitors specific regions of body's surface

types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue

layers of closely packed cells

-cover organ surface (inner or outer) or form glands

-protection, secretion, absorption

connective tissue

-3 common components: cells, protein fibers, and ground substance (protein, carbs, water)

-support, protect, bind together organs, storage

-bone, blood, dermis, tendons/ligaments

muscle tissue

-specialized cells contract when stimulated

-skeletal: voluntary

-cardiac: involuntary

-smooth: involuntary