Q1. General Chemistry

Hydrogen Peroxide (Agua Oxigenada)

H2O2

Ethyl Alcohol (Alcohol)

C2H5OH

Ammonia

NH3

Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda)

NaHCO3

Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)

NaOCl

Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)

N2O

Calcium Carbonate (Limestone)

CaCO3

Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)

NaOH

Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)

Mg(OH)2

Silicon Dioxide (Sand)

SiO2

Hydrochloric Acid (Stomach Acid)

HCl

Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)

NaCl

Sucrose (Table Sugar)

C12H22O11

Acetic Acid (Vinegar)

CH3COOH

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

C6H8O6

Povidone-iodine (Betadine)

C6H9I2NO

Acetylsalicylic Acid

C9H8O4

Sodium Bicarbonate

NaHCO3

Citric Acid

C6H8O7

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG o Vetsin)

C5H8NO4Na

Lauric Acid (Coconut Oil)

C12H24O2

Linoleic Acid (Corn Oil)

C18H32O2

Oleic Acid (Canola & Olive Oil)

C18H34O2

Potassium Hydroxide (Caustic Potash)

KOH

Sodium Borate (Borax)

Na[B4O5(OH)4]

Sodium Triposphate

Na5P3O10

Ethyl Acetate

C4H8O2

Toluene

C7H8

Barium Sulfate (Barite)

BaSO4

(Sb) Stibium

Antimony

(Cu) Cuprum

Copper

(Au) Aurum

Gold

(Fe) Ferrum

Iron

(Pb) Plubum

Lead

(Hg) Hydrargyrum

Mercury

(K) Kalium

Potassium

(Ag) Argentum

Silver

(Na) Natrium

Sodium

(Sn) Stannum

Tin

(W) Wolfram

Tungsten

Atomic Theory

1. John Dalton

2. Georg Ernst Stahl

3. Antoine Lavoisier

4. Joseph Proust

Aristotle

• each primal matter is between two (2) qualities

Primal Matter / Empedoclean Matter

1. Thales of Miletus

   • matter from watter

2. Anaximenes

   • matter from air

3. Heraclitus

   • matter of fire

4. Empedocles

   • matter from earth (land)

   • pinagsama-sama lahat

Principle of Discontinuity of Matter

• Leucippus and Democritus

• material are made of tiny bits of matter

• cannot be divided

• foundation of the concept of atoms

John Dalton (1803)

• symbols to represent elements

Postulate I (Dalton)

• Elements are composed of extremely small particles

• Atoms

• Stems from Democritus’ idea of atom (Indivisible indestructible)

Postulate II (Dalton)

• Atoms of an element are identical

• Size, mass, and chemical properties

• Atoms differ from element to element

Postulate III (Dalton)

• Compounds = more than one (1) element

• Join in simple ratios to form 'compound atoms'

  • Integers, no fractions

• Stems from Law of Constant Proportion and Law of Multiple Proportion

Postulate IV (Dalton)

• Chemical reactions involve only separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms

• No creation or destruction

• Stems from Law of Conservation of Mass

Dalton’s Atomic Model

Solid, hard sphere as he thought atoms were the smallest particles of matter

Georg Ernst Stahl

Phlogiston

Phlogiston

• Fundamental concept of fire

• Inflammable

• Every combustible substance has phlogiston

Antoine Lavoisier

• Tried studying phlogiston and became chem reactions 

• Made first breakthrough in study of chemical reactions

Law of Conservation of Mass

mass cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system

Joseph Proust

• Law of Constant Composition

• If pure compound is broken down to constituent elements, the masses of constituents will always have same proportions

Joseph John Thomson

• discovered electron

• used cathode ray tube & electromagnetic theory to determine the ratio of electric charge to the mass of the individual negatively charged particle

• Plum Pudding Model

Robert Millikan (1906)

• Able to quantify the charge of the electron using the oil-drop experiment

• ionized oil droplets, it was suspended in the air, left to be acted on by gravity and the electric field, thus balanced

Ernest Rutherford

• discovered nucleus and proton

• Alpha particle targets a thin foil of gold

  Deflection and undeflection: change of direction

James Chadwick

• gold foil but used polonium

  • alpha particle and beryllium experiment

Erwin Schrodinger

• electron cloud model