Child Development Exam 1

Individualistic values

Values that emphasize independence and self-expression, typically found in developed countries.

Collectivistic values

Values that prioritize obedience and group harmony, commonly observed in developing countries.

Emerging adulthood

A stage of life between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting from around age 19 through mid-20s.

Closed question format

A questionnaire format that provides specific responses for participants to choose from, used in large-scale surveys.

Open-ended question format

A type of questionnaire that allows participants to express their responses in their own words.

Naturalistic observation

Observations that occur in a natural environment without any manipulation by the researcher.

Structured observation

Observations that take place in a controlled laboratory setting.

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A biological measure that records the electrical activity of the brain's cerebral cortex.

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A technique that detects brain activity by measuring blood flow and oxygen use in response to stimuli.

Natural experiment

A research situation that exists naturally without manipulation by the researcher.

Ethnographic research

A method where researchers live among the people they study, gathering information through observations and conversations.

Case study

An in-depth examination of a particular individual, group, or situation over time.

Genotype

The set of genetic traits inherited from parents.

Phenotype

The observable expression of an individual's genotype.

Epigenetics

The study of how genetic activity is influenced by environmental factors.

Artificial insemination

A medical procedure that involves injecting sperm directly into a woman's uterus.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A process where eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the body and then implanted into the woman's uterus.

Low birth weight

A term for neonates weighing less than 5.8 pounds.

Kangaroo care

A method where parents hold their preterm newborns skin-to-skin on their chests to regulate bodily functions.

Infancy

The developmental stage from birth to 12 months.

Early childhood

The developmental stage from ages 3 to 6 years.

Adolescence

The developmental period from ages 10 to 18 years.

Emerging adulthood (age range)

The developmental phase occurring from ages 19 to 25 years.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate regarding the influence of genetics (nature) versus the environment (nurture) on human development.

Socioeconomic status (SES)

The social standing or class of an individual or group, often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation.

Child's role in development

The active participation of children in their own development through engagement in activities.

Continuity in development

A perspective that emphasizes gradual, quantitative development over time.

Discontinuity in development

A perspective that highlights qualitative changes and distinct stages in development.

The Little Albert Experiment

A study demonstrating classical conditioning, where a child developed a phobia of a rat due to noise association.

Informed consent

A process where participants are fully informed about the purpose and risks of a study before agreeing to participate.

Confidentiality

The ethical principle of keeping participants' data private and secure.

Reliability

The consistency of a measurement across various trials.

Validity

The extent to which a measurement accurately reflects what it claims to assess.

Experimental design

A research design where an experimental group is compared to a control group to determine the effect of an independent variable.

Positive correlation

A relationship where an increase in one variable corresponds to an increase in another.

Negative correlation

A relationship where an increase in one variable corresponds to a decrease in another.

Correlational design

A research design that examines the association between two or more variables.

Cohort effect

Characteristics shared by people who grew up in a specific social or historical context.

Cross-sectional design

A research method that compares different groups at a single point in time.

Longitudinal design

A research design that follows the same subjects over time to observe changes.

Down syndrome

A chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, leading to distinct physical features and cognitive deficits.

Ultrasound

A prenatal testing method that uses sound waves to visualize the fetus.

Amniocentesis

A procedure used to withdraw amniotic fluid to examine for genetic disorders.

Genetic counseling

A process that helps prospective parents understand genetic risks based on family history.

Cultural variations in prenatal care

Differences in maternal health practices that reflect cultural beliefs and customs.

APGAR scale

A quick assessment of a newborn's health, measuring appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

An assessment used to evaluate a newborn's behaviors and responses.

Neonatal mortality rate

The rate at which infants die within the first 28 days of life.

Infant massage

A technique used to promote weight gain and bonding in premature infants.

Low birth weight consequences

Increased risk of infant death and health issues in later life.

Prenatal development stages

The three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal, each critical for different developmental changes.

Teratogen

An environmental agent that causes malformation in an embryo or fetus.

Sensitive period

A stage during prenatal development when exposure to teratogens can have profound effects.

Quickening

The first noticeable movements of the fetus felt by the mother.

Genetic traits inheritance

The process by which genetic traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Polygenic inheritance

The interaction of multiple genes to influence traits like height and intelligence.

Environmental influences

Factors outside the genes that can affect genetic expression and development.

Hormonal influences on development

The role of hormones in regulating various aspects of growth and development.

Infertility social stigma

Negative societal perceptions surrounding infertility, particularly in collectivist cultures.

Cesarean delivery (C-section)

A surgical procedure to deliver a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus.

Cultural differences in neonatal care

Variations in practices and beliefs related to newborn care across cultures.