Paper Two - Wars and Warfare

Technology and Causes of WWI, WWII, and Russian Civil War

Balance of Power Theory

Balance of Power Theory

the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

War of Aggression

a military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense, usually for territorial gain and subjugation.

Punitive War/War of Revenge

a military journey undertaken to punish a political entity or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing state or union.

Colonial Wars

Extensions of European Wars fought in the colonies

Proxy War

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

Hegemonic Powers

A state that can control the pattern of alliances and terms of the international order, and often shapes domestic political developments in countries throughout the world.

Shuttle Diplomacy

international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties

Regular Armies

a permanently organized body constituting the army of a state and being often identical with the standing army that is maintained by a federal government.

Guerilla War

warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations

Low-intensity Wars

Violence may be sporadic, but carried out over a long period of time

Mechanised warfare

This began with the intro of the tank and that airplane as weapons

conventional weapons

These would include the weapons of war such as machine guns, tanks, and airplanes. It would not include atomic weapons.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons intended to kill or harm on a large scale

Chemical Weapons

weapons that contain chemical elements, such as chlorine gas and mustard gas

biological warfare

use of disease producing agents on plants, animals, or people

Nuclear Weapons

Weapons in which the explosive potential is controlled by nuclear fission or fusion.

War of Attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Blockade

a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy

psychological warfare

The use of psychological tactics to destroy the enemy's morale.

Economic Warfare

Aggressive actions by a state intended to damage another state economically

cyber warfare

extends traditional forms of warfare to the Internet and the web, including espionage, psychological warfare, and attacks.

Unconditional Surrender

a surrender in which no guarantees are given to the surrendering party

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Bismark's Alliance System

A complex system of alliances devised to maintain peace throughout Europe, making it mutually beneficial to all of the great powers and therefore protecting Germany (and depicting Germany as a friendly power that wanted no further expansion)

Dual Alliance

Bismarck's (Germany's) secret treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia.

The Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Dual Entente

Dual Alliance, also called Franco-Russian Alliance, a political and military pact that developed between France and Russia from friendly contacts in 1891 to a secret treaty in 1894; it became one of the basic European alignments of the pre-World War I era.

Anglo-French Entente of 1904

Britain improved its often-strained relations with the United States and in 1902 concluded a formal alliance with Japan. Britain then responded favorably to the advances of France's skillful foreign minister, Theophile Déclassé, who wanted better relations with Britain and was willing to accept British rule in Egypt in return for British support of French plans to dominate Morocco. The resulting Anglo-French Entente of 1904 settled all outstanding colonial disputes between Britain and France. (893)

Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)

Britain sought Japanese agreement to neutrality to counter possible Russian threat to India

Anglo-Russian Entente (1907)

This was an agreement between Britain and Russia about spheres of influence in Asia.

Imperialism (WWI factor)

Created global competition between countries to gain as much land as possible.

Nationalism (WWI)

The love and patriotism for each other's own country led to everyone wanting more and the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

Pan-Slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Bosnian Crisis of 1908

Austria annexed Bosnia because they had dreams of being independent; Serbs are upset with Austria and want war; Serbs get protection from Russia.

Pan-German League

in Germany; stressed strong German nationalism and advocated imperialism as a tool to overcome social divisions and unite all classes

National Service League

Pressure group in Britain which pushed for greater militarization

Dreadnougght Race

Dreadnought, an 'arms race' broke out between Britain and Germany as both tried to build more Dreadnoughts. five and it wasn't until 1908 that Germany built its first. Then in 1908, Germany built four compared to Britain's two! two or four new ships in the years 1910-1911, but the British public began demanding eight.

Two Power Stand

The two-power standard was first devised in 1889, when the main threat to Britain was essentially an alliance of France and Russia.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

First Balkan War (1912)

In 1912, in the first Balkan War, Serbia turned southward with Greece and Bulgaria, it took Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire and then quarreled with Bulgaria over the spoils of victory-a dispute that led to the second Balkan war in 1913. (895)

Second Balkan War (1913)

Serbian-Greek alliance, attack Bulgaria because Bulgaria has a favorable balance of power. Ultimately, Ottomans and Great Powers side with the attackers; Bulgaria has no allies and is overpowered.

Treaty of London

In this secret treaty, the plan was to split up the Central Powers and weaken the eastern and western fronts. Britain offered Italy large lands near the Adriatic, and both France and Britain wanted Italy to join so that a new front could open up the south of the western.

The Blank Check

Reference to the full support provided by William II to Austria-Hungary in its conflict with Serbia. Also refers to the promise of support given by Russia to Serbia to develop of Slavic state

The Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Ultimatum to Serbia

Presented by the Austro-Hungarian emperor to avoid war between the two states. Designed for failure, although Serbia accepted most of the points but didn;t agree to give AH legal jurisdiction within the investigation

Long term causes of WWI

Austrian-Russian rivalry in the Balkans, Franco-German over Alsace-Lorraine, Perceived fragility of the AH Empire, Arms Race, Colonialsm

Short term Causes of WWI

Austrian desire to setroy serbian independence, Desire for war become to powerful, Kaisers promise of support to Austria

Hindenburg Line

line of trench systems established in 1917 that were the last and strongest of the German army's defence on the Western Front

Gallipoli Campaign

Allied invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Straits, unprofitable fighting for months, huge casualties but the allies had to withdraw, so a large victory to Turkish forces

The Armenian Genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

U-boats (submarines)

used by Germans to starve British

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

League of Nations (1919)

Part of Woodrow Wilson's plan for lasting peace, it was the first international organization founded in to promote world peace and cooperation but was weakened when the U.S. refused to join. The organization failed to stop aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s, but laid the foundation for the creation of the UN after WWII.

The Cuases of Russian Civil War

After the Bolshevik Take over there were many groups who had opposed the Russian takeover, such as former Tsars, The SRs and Anarchists. Brest-Litvok pact was also unpopular, and lenin's Cheka.

Munich Pact

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Gemany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time"

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Russian and German non aggression agreement, not to attack each other, also, divide up Poland

Failure of Collective Security

Treaty of Versailles-makes german very resentful, League of Nations-US and USSR are the two world powers, they do not join the league of nations, Great Depression-affecting the world, London Economic Conference of 1933-they try and international solution to the great depression. The US isn't interested in creating an international agreement. Germany officially withdraws from the league of nations and rearms

Cash and Carry

Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Balkans Campaign

(1940-1941) Italian and German invasion of Greece and the Balkan States; Gave Axis powers control over most of Europe's Mediterranean as well as brought them closer to Russia

Tanks

Heavy armored vehicle which could travel over barbed wire and across enemy trenches

Airplanes in WWI

The airplane industry began as a mail carrying service for the U.S. Post Office. With the development of weather forecasting, planes began carrying radios and navigational instruments.

Machine Guns (WWI)

Invented in 1884 by Sir Hiram Maxim, used in WWI as an offensive weapon, required a crew of 4 to 6 people to operate and would often overheat.

explosive armaments

Russian Civil War

hand-grenades

Russian Civil War

rifle-grenade

Russian Civil War

Code Breaking

The U.S. Army's SIGABA, called the ECM (Electric Cipher Machine) in the Navy, was the only machine system used during World War II to remain completely unbroken by an enemy.

Telephone and Radio

Helped revolutionize tank tactics and communication on battleships.

Radar and Sonar

A system of detecting reflected radio waves: a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return, first used in WWII to spot incoming enemy airplanes or ship, first used in WWII to spot incoming enemy airplanes or ships.

Tanks/Mines

WWII tanks were faster and tougher so WWII mines became more powerful and harder to detect in order to take out the improved tanks.

Guidance Systems

Used on weapons and aerial reconnaissance military technology which emerged from early television technology. TV guided weapons were used in combat in WWII. Advances made in the military applications produced improvements in post war television designs.

Submarines

were not new innovations in WWII but their role increased with technological advancements like radar, radio communication, and guided torpedoes.

Amphibious Vehicles

GM developed the Dukw (pronounced duck) amphibious vehicle used for transporting troops and goods across land and water with 21,000 made during the war.

Aircraft Carriers

Naval warfare changed significantly with the advancement of air craft carriers--ships large enough for airplanes to take off from.

Flame throwers

used inWWI, but were short rangeand achieved only a small flame.The discovery of Napalm in 1942 increased the flame intensity by 70%.

Manhattan Project (1942)

Code name for the American commission established in 1942 to develop the atomic bomb. The first experimental bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico. Atomic bombs were then dropped on two cities in Japan in hopes of bringing the war to an end: Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.

Nagasaki and Hiroshima

Atomic bombs were dropped on these Japanese cities during WWII