Reflexes & Respiration Slides

what senses and responds to stimuli

Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) contains

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains

nerves extending to/from the CNS

a rapid response to a sudden, intense, and unexpected
stimulation

Reflexes

Reflexes Function

protection, preparation for fight-or-flight response

Reflexes are a combination of

PNS, CNS, and muscle

In all reflexes:
1. A _________ that detects change.
2. An _________________ that relays information.
3. A ____________ (interneuron or spinal cord) that evaluates incoming information and determines an
appropriate response.
4. An ______________ that carries information away from the control center.
5. An__________, which stimulates the action at the target site

1.receptor

2.afferent or sensory neuron

3.control center

4.efferent or motor neuron

5. effector (muscle)

Simple (short-latency) reflex pathway

sensory neuron → motor neuron

Complex (long-latency) reflex pathway

sensory → interneuron → motor neuron

Reflex Modulation

Reflex Modulation: Reflexes can be….

adaptable and flexible: can vary in speed, intensity, and direction

Reflex Modulation Example

Priming

-A prime stimulus is presented just before the reflex stimulus

-This prime stimulus is learned, then the reflex response occurs quicker

Process by which the body obtains and utilizes oxygen and produces and eliminates carbon dioxide

Respiration

Respiratory control center in the brain:

Medulla

Respiration divided into 5 parts

-Pulmonary Ventilation

-Pulmonary Gas Exchange

-Gas Transport

-Tissue/blood gas exchange

-Cellular Respiration

movement of gases between the lungs and the environment

pulmonary ventilation

movement of gases between the lungs and bloodstream

Pulmonary Gas Exchange

movement of gases within the bloodstream

Gas transport

movement of gases between the bloodstream and tissues

Tissue/blood gas exchange

consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by cells/organelles

Cellular Respiration

Diffusion occurs in the

Alveolar sacs

3 factors influencing diffusion

-surface area

-diffusion distance

-concentration gradient

Pathway of defusion

Ventilation is produced by

skeletal muscle contraction

-muscles contract creating a _____

-Air moves in to fill voided space = ________

-Muscles that contract during inspiration: _______ and ______

-When muscles relax, air is pushed out = _______

-Expiration is _____ in a resting individual

-voided space

-INSPIRATION

-diaphragm and intercostal muscles

-EXPIRATION

-passive

amount of air moving into or out of the lungs during any single breathing cycle

Tidal Volume (TV)

possible air breathed in after a normal breath

Inspiration Reserve Volume (IRV)

air that is still possible to breathe out after a normal breath

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

air ALWAYS left in lungs

Residual Volume (RV)

The sum of two or more lung volumes

Lung Capacity

TV + IRV

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Maximum amount of air that can be moved through the lungs ( TV+IRV+ERV)

Vital Capacity (VC)

Starting volume of a breathing cycle (ERV+RV)

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Total lung capacity (TLC)