NVCC BIO 141 Chapter 2

Define Matter and list 3 states of matter

Anything that takes up space

liquid, gas, solid

Define an Atom

smallest unit of matter

Describe the basic structure of an atom

Protons and Neutrons in the Nucleus and electrons floating around

List the differences between the three subatomic particles

Proton: positive has mass

Neutron: no charge has mass

Electron: negative no mass

List the maximum number of electrons that can be present in the first, second, and third electron shell

1st Shell: 2

2nd Shell: 8

3rd Shell: 18 but satisfied with 8

Define atomic number and mass number

Atomic Number: number of protons

Mass Number: total protons and neutrons

Define an element and state the relationship between atomic number and atoms of the same element

Compound that cannot be broken down further

(atomic number amount of protons)

Describe the general arrangement of elements in the periodic table

Ordered in increasing number, nonmetals to right and metals to the left

List the four major elements and identify the symbol for each element

Oxygen (O)

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Nitrogen (N)

List the seven mineral elements and identify the symbol for each element

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

Calcium (Ca)

Chlorine (Cl)

Magnesium (Mg)

Phosphorus (P)

Sulfur (S)

List the four trace elements and identify the symbol for each element

Iron (Fe)

Copper (Cu)

Iodine (I)

Zinc (Zn)

Define isotope and give at least one example of how it can be used in the medical field

atoms with the same atomic numbers but different mass number

(used in cancer radiation therapy)

Define a mixture

atoms of two or more elements that are physically intermixed

What is a Suspension?

liquid mixed with a solid with the solid's particles being visual (cloudy/opaque) and tends to settle at the bottom

What is a Colloid?

two distinct components, opaque but particles are small and not visible with naked eye and does not settle

What is a Solution?

solid, liquid, gas mixed with liquid (usually water) usually translucent because one substance dissolves in another

Define valence electrons and state the importance of the valence electrons

outermost shell where chemical bonds are formed with valence elections in that shell

Define the octet rule

atom is most stable when 8 electrons are in the valence shell

Inert: Filled

Reactive: Not filled (unstable)

Explain how an ionic bond is formed

electrons transferred between metal/nonmetal atom

Define an ion, cation and anion

Ion: charged particle with uneven protons/elections

Cation: positive

Anion: negative

Define a covalent bond

Sharing electron between 2/more nonmetals creating strongest type of bond

Distinguish between polar and nonpolar covalent bond

Nonpolar: electrons shared equally

Polar: electrons shared unequally

Define a hydrogen bond

weak attraction between partially +Hydrogen and partially -nonmetal in polar covalent molecules

Explain the three types of energy that drive the processes in the human body

Chemical: cellular processes (inherent chemical bonds)

Electrical: movement of charged particles

Mechanical: directly transferred from one object to another producing a lot of heat

Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions

Endergonic: requires energy, products contain more energy than reactants

Exergonic: excess energy stored in reactants, products have less energy than reactants

Differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.

Catabolic: decomposition (larger to smaller)

Anabolic: small to big

Define activation energy

amount of energy to overcome repulsion of atom's electrons

List the factors responsible for increasing rate of a reaction

Concentration

Temperature

Property of Reactants

Presence of Catalyst (increases reaction rate with enzymes)

Define a Catalyst

increases reaction rate

Define an Enzyme

lowers activation energy

highly specific

doesn't alter chemical reaction

not permanently alter by reaction

Identify an enzyme based on the ending of the word

ends with -ase

Define the terms active site and substrate

unique region of enzyme that binds to a specific substance (substrate)

Describe the mechanism of enzyme action

The enzyme binds with the substrate at the active site , the product is formed at a lower activation energy, product is released and enzyme is recycled.

Explain why an enzyme has specificity

keeps separate the many pathways, involving hundreds of enzymes, that function during metabolism

Explain the relationship between enzyme and activation energy

enzyme will lower activation energy

Define inorganic and organic compounds

Inorganic: does not have carbon bounded to hydrogen

Organic: contains carbon bonded to hydrogen

Explain two properties of water that contributes to regulation of body temperature

absorbs heat without changing significantly in temp

carries heart when vaporizing

Explain the two ways by which water protects body's structures

cushions body structures since water is denser than organs

lubricates between surfaces

Explain how hydrogen bonds lead to the properties of water

Water is a polar molecule composed of one oxygen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms through an unequal sharing of electrons. The O has two partial negative charges; the H has a single partial positive charge

Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances

Hydrophilic: polar, dissolved by water

Hydrophobic: nonpolar, doesn't dissolve

State examples of molecules that are likely to be hydrophilic and molecules that are likely to be hydrophobic

Hydrophilic: ionic compounds (sodium chloride, carbon monoxide)

Hydrophobic: methane/oil/fat

Explain how water is able to dissolve many substances

particle charges act as hands to grab/pull a part solutes

Define an acid and provide examples

hydrogen ion donor (0-6)

Hydrochloric acid

Stomach Acid

Lemon Juice

Define a base and provide examples

Hydrogen ion acceptor (8-14)

sodium bicarbonate

bleach

ammonia

Define pH and explain how hydrogen ion concentration affects pH

how acidic or alkaline a substance is

the more acidic the more hydrogen ions

Define chemical buffers and give one example of a buffer in the human body

Chemical systems that resist changes in pH; preventing large swings

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Define electrolytes and state their role in a solution

when salt (any metal cation + nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds) dissolve in water

dissolve sodium and potassium for muscle contraction

solid calcium salts in teeth/bones

Define monomers and polymers

Monomer: single subunits that combine to be larger

Polymers: larger structures of many linked monomers

Explain dehydration synthesis

polymers built by anabolic reaction

two monomers linked by covalent bonds = polymer compound + water molecule

Explain hydrolysis reactions

water molecule added to polymer

water molecule splits, covalent bonds in monomers break

Describe the role of carbohydrates in the human body

provides fuel for body

What is a Monosaccharide? Provide examples

monomer of Carbohydrates

deoxyribose

ribose

glucose

fructose

galactose

What is a Disaccharide? Provide examples

2 monosaccharides

Sucrose/Lactose

What is a Polysaccharide? Provide examples

long branching chains

Glycogen (in liver/skeletal muscles; used during strenuous exercise)

List the three different types of lipids in the human body and describe the role of each type of lipid in the human body

Fatty Acid: monomer

Phospholipids: main structure of membranes

Steroids: cholesterol is base of all steroids (bile acid/sex hormones)

Explain how saturated fatty acids are different from unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated: no double bonds, animal fat, solid at room temp.

Unsaturated: one double bond, liquid at room temp, olive oil

List the different functions of proteins in the human body

Act as enzymes

structure

defense

cell communication

Describe the general structure of amino acids

a central carbon atom

Hydrogen

NH2

COOH

R group

Describe the general structure of peptides

2 amino acids joined by polar covalent peptide bonds

Describe Primary Structure

the amino acid sequence

Describe Secondary Structure

folding one/more segments

either spring or blinds pattern

Describe Tertiary Structure

3D shape fold, twists

Describe Quaternary Structure

more than one polypeptide chain

Explain protein denaturation

destroying protein's shape through:

heat/pH change/chemicals like alcohol

Describe general structure of nucleotide

Nitrogenous Base (A,G,C,T,U)

5-Carbon Sugar

Phosphate Group

Describe the structure of DNA and state its role in the human body

Sugar-phosphate backbone

hydrogen bonds between Nitrogenous Bases (A,G,C,T)

Double-Helix

genetic information storage

Explain how RNA differs from DNA and state the role of RNA in the human body

single strange of nucleotides (A,G,C,U) copies DNA to make proteins

State the role of ATP in the human body

prime source of chemical energy

Name the monomers for the Macromolecules

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

Proteins: Amino Acids

Lipids: Fatty Acids

Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides

List the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and ATP

Carbohydrates/Lipids: CHO

Protein: CHON

Nucleic Acid: CHON-P