Types of Operating Systems 2.0

Linux

open-source OS kernel derived from UNIX. It includes features like a shell command interpreter, desktop environment, and app packages

Linux distros

• Standard Release: Uses versioning for updates, with some versions offering long-term support (LTS).

• Rolling Release: Provides updates as they become stable, without version distinctions.

Chrome OS

a proprietary operating system derived from the open-source Chromium OS, which is based on Linux. It is designed for specific hardware, such as Chromebooks (laptops) and Chromeboxes (PCs), targeting budget and education markets.

New Technology File System (NTFS)

a proprietary file system developed by Microsoft for use with Windows. It provides a 64-bit addressing scheme, allowing for very large volumes and file sizes.

key NTFS features

• Journaling – Keeps track of changes so files can be recovered quickly after crashes or power loss.

• Snapshots – Lets Windows make "frozen-in-time" copies of files, even if they’re in use, for backups or restoring older versions.

• Security – Protects files with permissions, ownership, quotas, and encryption so only the right people can access them.

• POSIX Compliance – Adds some UNIX/Linux-like features (like case-sensitive names and hard links) for compatibility.

• Indexing – Builds a catalog of files to make searches faster.

• Dynamic Disks – Lets you combine space from multiple hard drives into one big volume.

Resilient File System (ReFS)

Microsoft's newest file system for use with Windows.designed for making data easy to access, handle large amounts of data efficiently for different tasks, and keep data safe and protected from damage.

key benefits of ReFS

• Resiliency—ability to detect corrupted files and data and repair them while still online and in use, even in virtualized environments.

• High Performance—storage solution improvement along with optimization of data increases the performance with large data sets and workloads through configuration of two logical storage groups or tiers.

• Scalability—supports millions of terabytes of data without impacting performance metrics.

FAT32

• File system (1996, Microsoft)

• Works on almost all devices/OS Windows, macOS, Linux

• Max file size: 4 GB

• Max partition: 2 TB

• Common for USBs & SD cards

exFAT

• Designed for flash drives & SD cards

• Works on Windows, macOS, and many devices

• Max file size: 16 EB (no 4 GB limit)

• Max partition: 128 PB

• Faster & more efficient than FAT32

Linux File Systems

• ext (ext4): Common Linux file system, fast, supports journaling.

• VFAT: Linux support for FAT/FAT32.

• XFS: 64-bit journaling system (1993), high performance, default in RHEL.

• NFS: Lets Linux mount remote storage as if it were local.

Apple File System

Apple File System (APFS), which supports journaling, snapshots, permissions/ownership, and encryption.

supported phase

when the product is being actively marketed, the vendor releases regular patches to fix critical security and operational issues and feature upgrades to expand OS functionality. Supported devices should be able to install OS upgrade versions.

extended support phase

The product is no longer commercially available, but the vendor continues to issue critical patches. Devices that are in extended support may or may not be able to install OS upgrades.

end-of-life system

one that is no longer supported by its developer or vendor. EOL systems no longer receive security updates and therefore represent a critical vulnerability for a company's security systems if any remain in active use.

iOS

closed-source operating system exclusively available on Apple devices. Its closed ecosystem ensures a high level of security and centralized control, as only apps approved by Apple can be installed through the App Store. Additionally, iOS minimizes fragmentation because it is only available on a limited range of Apple devices, ensuring consistent updates and compatibility across the fleet

You are in the process of preparing a 128-GB flash drive and must determine which file system to use.

Which of the following BEST describes the advantages of using the exFAT file system rather than NTFS on the flash drive?

Lower overhead and risk of corruption.

Explanation

exFAT does not have the high overhead and risk of corruption problems that can occur on removable storage with NTFS.

While exFAT supports some limited file permissions, NTFS provides better control through granular permissions and access control lists.

Both exFAT and NTFS support volumes over 32 GB and files over 4 GB.

A Windows administrator wants to become more familiar with Linux but still wants to use Windows primarily.

The administrator installs the bash subsystem for Windows and is reading about how Windows has made strides to become more compatible with Linux.

Which of the following was part of the changes to the underlying New Technology File System (NTFS) structure?

Explanation

To support UNIX/Linux compatibility, Microsoft engineered the New Technology File System (NTFS) to support case-sensitive naming, hard links, and other key features UNIX/Linux applications require.

When data is written to an NTFS volume, it is re-read, verified, and logged via journaling. In the event of a problem, the sector concerned is marked as bad, and the data is relocated.

Snapshots allow the Volume Shadow Copy Service to make read-only copies of files at given points in time, even if the file gets locked by another process.

The Indexing Service creates a catalog of file and folder locations and properties, speeding up searches.

A network administrator is looking for an alternative network operating system (NOS) but does not want a steep learning curve.

Which of the following optimizes for NOS functionality?

answer

Windows Server 2019

Windows 10

Windows 11

macOS

Windows Server 2019 and Windows Server 2022 are optimized for use as NOSs. They share the same underlying code and desktop interface as the client versions.

Windows 10 and Windows 11 are released in different editions to support business workstations and home PC use.

Both Windows 10 and Windows 11 are not necessarily built for network operating systems. If they were used, a virtual machine would need to be used on top of them.

macOS is the operating system that only supplies Apple-built workstations (Apple Mac desktops and Apple iMac all-in-ones) and laptops (Apple MacBooks).

The lead for a company's vulnerability management program is looking at the mobile aspect of the company's program.

They started with end of life devices, then addressed patching statuses, and are now looking at hardening.

Which of the following has the widest variety of change and will prove the most difficult?

answer

iOS

iPadOS

Android

Windows

xplanation

Android software code is made publicly available. This means there is more scope for hardware vendors, such as Acer, Asus, HTC, LG, Motorola, OnePlus, Oppo, Samsung, Sony, and Xiaomi, to produce specific versions for their smartphones and tablet models.

iOS is the operating system for Apple's iPhone smartphone and original models of the iPad tablet. Like macOS, iOS is also derived from UNIX and developed as a closed-source operating system.

The iPadOS has been developed from iOS to support the functionality of the latest iPad models (2019 and up).

Manufacturers have also redesigned Windows to support touch.

You are a system administrator tasked with configuring a new Windows 11 workstation for a graphic design team.

The team requires a file system that supports large file sizes, advanced permissions, and encryption to ensure data security.

Which file system should you choose to meet these requirements?

answer

FAT32

exFAT

ReFS

NTFS

NTFS (New Technology File System) is the most suitable choice for the scenario. It supports large file sizes, advanced file permissions, encryption, and other features like compression and journaling. These capabilities make it ideal for a graphic design team that requires secure and efficient file management on a Windows 11 workstation.

FAT32 is an older file system that lacks support for advanced features such as file-level permissions, encryption, and large file sizes (it has a maximum file size limit of 4GB). While it is compatible with many operating systems, it is not suitable for modern workstations requiring advanced security and performance features.

exFAT is designed for flash drives and external storage devices, offering support for larger file sizes than FAT32. However, it does not include advanced features like file-level permissions or encryption, making it unsuitable for a secure workstation environment.

ReFS (Resilient File System) is designed for high-resilience applications like data storage on servers. While it offers advanced features like data integrity checks, it is not optimized for desktop environments and lacks some features available in NTFS, such as file-level encryption. Therefore, it is not the best choice for this scenario.

You have just purchased a new USB drive that you want to use to troubleshoot the computers in your company as well as other network devices, such as printers and projectors. You need to format this new drive with a file system that will be recognized and used on all devices.

Which of the following file system types would meet MOST, if not all, of your needs when formatting your USB drive?

FAT32 is a widely supported file system that is compatible with a broad range of devices, including computers, printers, and other network devices. Its universal compatibility makes it ideal for a USB drive that needs to work across multiple platforms and devices. While FAT32 has some limitations, such as a maximum file size of 4GB, it is the best choice for ensuring the USB drive can be recognized and used on most devices.

NTFS is primarily used by Windows operating systems and is not as universally supported as FAT32. While NTFS offers advanced features like file permissions, encryption, and support for larger file sizes, these features are not necessary for troubleshooting purposes. Additionally, many non-Windows devices, such as printers or projectors, may not recognize NTFS-formatted drives.

CDFS (Compact Disc File System) is specifically designed for optical media, such as CDs. It is not suitable for formatting USB drives and would not meet the needs of troubleshooting across various devices.

NFS (Network File System) is designed for network-based file sharing, primarily in UNIX/Linux environments. It is not a file system used for formatting USB drives and would not be recognized by most devices outside of a networked environment.

policy

is a high-level statement of intent that includes rules established by an organization to address specific problems or concerns. These rules are designed to guide employee behavior and ensure compliance with organizational goals, legal requirements, and best practices.