chapter 4 bacteria and archaea

free, cytoplasm, nucleus, peptidoglycan, bacteria, eukaryotes, nucleus, membrane

• bacteria and archaea

  • packing of dna

    • bacteria and archaea have nuclear material that is … in the …

    • eukaryotes have a ..

  • cell wall makeup

    • bacteria: cell wall made of …

    • archaea: cell wall different from … and …

  • internal structures

    • bacteria and archaea:

      • lack a …

      • no … bound organelles

single, reproduction, metabolism, nutrient, colonies, biofilms

• the bacteria

  • bacteria are … cell organisms

    • bacterial cells are capable of carrying out all necessary life activities

      • ….

      • …

      • … processing

    • bacteria can also act as a group

      • …

      • …

spheres, oval, bean, pointed, cylindrical, club, rigid, flexible, comma, variations, single

• the bacteria

  • general shapes of bacteria

    • coccus: …., ….., ….. shaped, …

    • bacillus: …, filamentous, … shaped

    • spirlla: .. helix

    • spirochete: … helix

    • vibrio: … shaped

  • pleomorphism

    • … in size and shape among cells of a … species

diplococci, tetrads, staphylococci, streptococci, sarcina

• the bacteria

  • arrangement of bacteria

    • …: pairs

    • ….: groups of four

    • …: irregular clusters

    • ….: chains of a few hundred of cells

    • …: cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

pairs, attached, chains, chain, partially, fold, side, row

• the bacteria

  • arrangements and groupings of bacilli

    • diplobacilli: … of cells with their ends …

    • streptobacilli: …. of cells

    • palisades: cells of a … remain … attached and … back, creating a … by side …. of cells

flagella, axial filaments, motility, fimbriae, pili, points, channels

• external structures

  • 2 major groups of appendages

    • .. and … …: provide …

    • …. and …: provide attachment … or …

basal, rings, rod, motor, hook, basal, filament, filament, tail, propellar

• external structures

  • flagella

  • 3 parts of the prokaryotic flagella from the cell wall outward

    • … body: made of … and ….

      • serves as the …

    • ……: connects … body to …

    • …..: …. like portion that acts as the …

one, both, single, bunches, tufts, both, randomly

• external structures

  • flagellar attachment

    • polar: flagella attached at … or … ends of the cell

      • monotrichous: … flagellum

      • lophotrichous: small … or …

      • amphitrichous: flagella at … poles of the cell

    • peritrichous: flagella are dispersed … over the surface of the cell

counterclockwise, smooth, linear, stimulus, reverses, stop, change, repellants

• external structures

  • run:

    • … movement of the flagella

    • cell swims in a …, … direction toward a …

  • tumble:

    • flagellum … direction, causing the cell to … and …. course

    • …. cause numerous tumbles

chemical, favorable, counterclockwise, away, clockwise, light

• external structures

  • chemotaxis: movement in response to … signals

    • positive chemotaxis: movement of a cell in the direction of a .. chemical stimulus (…)

    • negative chemotaxis: movement of a cell … from a repellant or potentially harmful compound (…)

  • phototaxis:

    • movement toward …

axial, 2, long coiled, spirochetes, internal, wall, membrane, twisting, flexing

• external structures

  • periplasmic flagella

    • … filament:

      • … or more … … threads found in …

      • … flagellum enclosed between the cell .. and the cytoplasmic …

      • impart a … or … motion to the cell

pathogenicity, pilus, adhesion, fimbria, adhesion, attachment

• external structures

  • attachment can enhance .. in some bacteria

    • … (plural: pili)

      • provide … not locomotion

    • … (plural: fimbriae)

      • provide … but not locomotion

    • flagella can also be used for … in some species

small, bristle, fibers, surface, protein, stick, other, surfaces, biofilms, e. coli, gonococcus, epithelial

• external structures

  • fimbriae

    • …., … like …. sprouting off the … of certain species of bacteria

    • most contain …

    • have the tendency to .. to each … and to …

    • may be responsible for …

    • … … and the …. use fimbriae to adhere to … cells

sex pilus, long, tubular, pilin, negative, conjugation, partial transfer, genetically

• external structures

  • pili

    • also known as a … …

    • …., rigid, … structure made of … protein

    • only found in gram … bacteria

    • used in …, the …. … of dna from one cell to another

    • production of pili is controlled ….

copies, protein linked, protection, environmental, hostile

• external structures

  • S layer

    • thousands of …. of a single .. … together

    • provides … from … conditions

    • only produced in … environments

slime, loosely, loss, water, nutrients, capsule, tightly, denser, thicker

• external structures

  • Glycocalyx

    • … layer

      • forms …. around the cell

      • protects the cell from .. of … and …

    • …

      • more … bound to a cell than a slime layer

      • … and … than a slime layer

pathogenic, phagocytic white, plaque, long, indwelling artifical

• external structures

  • capsules

    • formed by … bacteria

    • protect bacteria against … … blood cells

  • biofilms

    • example: …. on teeth protect bacteria

    • infect … term … …. devices

wall, membrane, outer, single protective

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • cell envelope

    • composed of 2 or 3 basic layers

      • cell ..

      • cytoplasmic ….

      • …. membrane (in some bacteria)

    • they act as a … … unit

shape, strong structural, bursting, collapsing, osmotic

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • characteristics of the cell wall

    • helps determine the … of a bacterium

    • provides … …. support to keep the cell from … or … due to … pressure

macromolecule, glycan, cross, short peptide, strong, flexible, archaeans

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • peptidoglycan

    • unique … composed of … chains … linked with … … fragments

    • provides a … but … support framework

    • … have no peptidoglycan

hans christian, thick, peptidoglycan, inner, outer, thin, inner

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • gram stain

    • developed in 1884 by .. … gram

    • there are 2 major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall structure

      • gram positive

        • … cell wall composed of …

        • … cytoplasmic membrane

      • gram negative

        • … membrane

        • …. cell wall

        • … cytoplasmic membrane

thick, homogenous, peptidoglycan, wall maintenance, enlargement, division, acidic, surface

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • gram positive

    • …, … sheath of …, 20 to 80 nm thick

    • functions of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

      • cell … …

      • …. during cell …

      • …. charge on cell …

single, thin, peptidoglycan, rigid, flexibility, sensitivity, lysis

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • gram negative

    • …, … sheet of …, 1 to 3 nm thick

    • somewhat … structure

    • thinness gives gram negative bacteria greater … and … to …

positive, negative, mycobacterium, nocardia, lipids, cord, long, fatty, pathogenicity, resistant, chemicals, dyes, fast, tuberculosis, leprosy

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • atypical cell walls

    • neither gram …. or gram … bacteria

    • bulk of the cell walls of … and .. is composed of unique …

    • mycolic acid or … factor

      • very … chain … acid

      • contributes to … of these organisms

      • makes them .. to certain … and …

      • acid .. stain used to diagnose … and …

wall, not, pg, sterols, resistant, lysis, pleomorphic, filamentous, coccus, doughnut

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • group of bacteria that naturally lack a cell … (… gram positive or negative) (no ..)

  • membrane is stabilized by … (much like eukaryotes) and is … to …

  • …. (no distinct shape)

  • range from 0.1 to 0.5 µm, ranging from … to … or … shaped

polysaccharides, proteins, markers, receptors, fever, shock, anchor, outer, peptidoglycan, outer, small, block, harmful, defense, antibiotics

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

• gram negative outer membrane

  • contains specialized … and ..

    • lipopolysacchride (LPS)

      • polysacchride chains function as cell … and …

      • endotoxin: stimulates … and … reactions

    • lipoproteins: … the … membrane to …

    • porin proteins

      • completely span the .. membrane

      • only allow relatively … molecules to penetrate

      • size can be altered to … the entrance of … chemicals

      • act as a … against certain ….

flexible, cytoplasm, lipid, proteins, phospholipids, proteins, mycoplasmas, sterols, branched hydrocarbons, peptidoglycan

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • cell membrane (also called the cytoplasmic membrane)

    • 5 to 10 nm … sheet molded completely around the …

    • … bilayer embedded with ….

      • 30 to 40% …

      • 60 to 70% …

    • …. contain high amounts of …

    • archaea contain unique … … rather than fatty acids due to lack of …

energy, nutrient, synthesis, transport, nutrients, wastes, water, small uncharged, carrier, discharge, metabolic, extracellular

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

    • … reactions

    • … processing

    • …

    • regulate …

      • passage of … into and out of the cell

      • discharge of …

  • selective permeability

    • … and .. … molecules diffuse freely

    • special … mechanisms exist for passage of most molecules

    • secretion: …. of … products into the … environment

impervious, antimicrobial, more, differently

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • outer membrane in gram negative bacteria

    • makes them … to … chemicals

    • …. difficult to kill than gram positive bacteria

    • infections with gram positive bacteria are treated … than infections with gram negative bacteria

tissues, proteins, outer, wall, positive, lipids, wall, mycobacterium, macromolecules, wall, antibody

• the cell envelope: the boundary layer of bacteria

  • the cell envelope can interact with human … and cause disease

    • …. in the … cell … of gram … bacteria can be toxic

    • … in the cell … of … can be harmful to human cells

    • …. in the cell .. are seen as foreign and can stimulate .. production

gelatinous, membrane, biochemical, enzymatic, water, sugars, amino acids, salts, chromatin, ribosomes, granules, cytoskeleton

• bacterial internal structure

  • cytoplasm: … solution contained by the cytoplasmic ….

    • prominent site for the cell’s … and … activites

    • 70 to 80% …

    • complex mixture of …, … …, and …

    • also contains …, …, …, and fibers that act as the …

single circular, dense, nucleoid, tightly coiled, basic

• bacterial internal structure

  • cytoplasm

    • … … strand of dna

    • aggregated in a … area called the ….

    • dna is .. … around … proteins molecules to fit into the cell compartment

nonessential, separate, double, replication, protective, antibiotic, engineering

• bacterial internal structure

  • plasmids

    • … pieces of dna

    • …, … stranded circles of dna

    • duplicated and passed on to offspring during ..

    • confer …. traits

      • such as … resistance

    • important agent in genetic ….

rna, protein, cytoplasm, chains, sedimentation, centrifugation

• bacterial internal structure

  • ribosomes

    • made of … and …

    • dispersed throughout the …., often found in …

    • svedberg (S) units

      • measurement of the relative size of cell parts through … during …

storage, nutrients, abundance, single

• bacterial internal structure

  • inclusion bodies

    • …. sites for … during periods of …

    • …. - layered membranes

    • vary in size, number, and content

long polymers, actin, helical ribbons, under, shape

• bacterial internal structure

  • cytoskeleton

    • … … of proteins similar to eukaryotic …

      • arranged in … … around the cell just … the cytoplasmic membrane

      • contribute to cell …

hostile, metabolically, inert, resting, spore, environmental, heating, drying, freezing, radiation, chemicals

• bacterial internal structure

  • endospores

    • withstand … conditions and facilitate survival

  • 2 phase life cycle

    • vegetative cell: … active

    • endospore: …, … condition

    • sporulation: … formation induced by … conditions

  • endospores can resist:

    • ….

    • …

    • ..

    • …

    • …

nutrients, carbon, nitrogen, sporulating, 6, 8

• bacterial internal structure

  • stimulus for endospore formation

    • depletion of …, especially …. and … sources

  • sporangium

    • …. cell

    • transformation takes .. to … hours in most species

    • actively trying to become an endospore

water, germination, hydrolytic enzymes, cortex, rehydrates, nutrients, coats, 1.5

• bacterial internal structure

  • germination of endospores begins when favorable conditions arise

    • exposure to … and a … agent

    • germination agent stimulates the formation of … … that break down the …

    • core … and takes up .. and bacterium grows out of the endospore …

    • once initiated, proceeds to completion in .. hours

boiling, soaps, disinfectants, cultures, media, wounds, canning

• bacterial internal structure

  • endospores are constant intruders where sterility and cleanliness are important

    • resist ordinary cleaning methods: …. water, …., and …

    • frequently contaminate …. and …

    • hospitals must protect against endospores in …

    • destruction of endospores important in the food … industry

eukarya, ribosomal, synthesis, subunit structures, genetic, rrna, compaction, lipids, wall, pilin proteins

• the archaea

  • more closely related to domain … than to bacteria

    • share … rna sequences not found in bacteria

    • protein … and ribosomal .. .. are similar

  • differences from other cell types

    • certain … sequences are only found in their ..

    • unique method of dna …

    • unique membrane …, cell .. composition, and … …

primitive, 4, heat, salt, acid, ph, pressure, atmosphere, methane, hyperthermophiles, halophiles, sulfur reducers

• the archaea

  • the most .. of all life forms

  • most closely related to cells that originated .. billion years ago

  • live in habitats that are similar to the extremes found anciently — …., …, …, …, …, …

  • …. producers, …, extreme …., and … …

co2, h2, anaerobic, mud, bottom, lakes, oceans, digestive, animals, swamps, fuel, greenhouse, global

• the archaea

  • methanogens

    • convert … and … into methane gas (ch4)

    • common inhabitants of … swamp …, … sediments of … and …, and the .. systems of …

    • gas produced in .. may become a source of ..

    • may contribute to … gases and .. warming

salt, 36, inland seas, lakes, mines, fish, red, atp, light

• the archaea

  • extreme halophiles

    • require .. to grow

    • can multiply in …% NaCl that would destory most cells

    • exist in .. …, salt …, salt …, and in salted …

    • use a .. pigment to synthesize .. in the presence of ..

low, high, 80, 113, 50, volcanic, soils, submarine vents, salt, acid, heat

• the archaea

  • psychrophiles: grow at very … temperatures

  • hyperthermophiles: grow at very .. temperatures

    • flourish at temperatures between … °C and … °C and cannot grow below .. °C

    • live in … waters and … and … …

    • often .. and .. tolerant as well as .. tolerant

unculturable, rrna, transcription, translation, evolution

• the archaea

  • many archaea are …

  • … sequencing is used in their identification

    • this technique has also advanced the general understanding of …., …., and cellular …