Chpt Two PP

tissue

groups of similar cells

organ

groups of different tissues

organ systems

groups of organs

organism

group of organs

cell membrane function

separates intracellular contents from extracellular environment and provides basic structure; acts as a receptor; regulate cell growth; helps w/ electrical events

cell membrane characteristics

semipermeable; made up of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

protoplasm

intracellular fluid contains karyoplasm and cytoplasm

karyoplasm

nucleoplasm inside nucleus

cytoplasm

outside the nucleus

passive transport

diffusion and osmosis

active transport

requires energy

diffusion

particles are moving across semipermeable membrane to achieve equal distribution

osmosis

regulated by osmotically active particles

facilitated transport

requires transport proteins to help move particles across membrane

ingestion involves

endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis

endocytosis

used to transport large substances from outside to inside

pinocytosis

extracellular fluid dissolves small substances

phagocytosis

eats large particles (cells, bacteria, cell components)

secretion

cellular products packaged into vesicles and transport out of cell by exocytosis

respiration

metabolic processes that transform fuel molecules into energy and waste products

aerobic respiration

uses oxygen

anaerobic respiration

without using oxygen

reproduction

cellular division is under genetic control; differentiation directs development of specific cell types

cellular responses to stress

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

atrophy

decrease in cell size

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

hyperplasia

increase in cell number

metaplasia

change from one cell type to another

dysplasia

change in cell size, shape, uniformity, and structure

cell mechanisms of death

apoptosis and necrosis

causes of injury to cell

toxins, infections, physical injury, serum deficit injury

apoptosis

programmed cell death

necrosis

dies due to injury

nucleus

DNA storage; synthesizes three main types of RNA

DNA

contains genes inherited form parent to child; instructs function and survival

cytoplasm

fluid substance inside cell, work space, contains organelles

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

rough ER

produces proteins

smooth ER

lipid production

golgi complex

works w processing and transporting, glycoprotein formation, retrograde formation

retrograde transport

moves materials from synapsis axon to cell body; some toxins use this to evade nervous system

lysosomes

digest waste and damaged parts

phagocytosis

ingestion of foreign substances

lysosomal storage disorders

use enzymes to break down excess or worn out cell parts and foreign substances such as bacteria that are introduced thru phagocytosis

peroxisomes

break down fatty acid and detox harmful substances

proteasomes

break down unwanted or damaged proteins

mitochondria

helps change nutrients into energy which cells need to function; regulator of apoptosis

cytoskeleton

controls cell shape and movement; contains microtubules and microfilaments

microtubules

function in development and maintenance of cell formation

microfilaments

muscle contractions, support, and maintain cellular shape