(A3) Common Non-Infectious Disorders of the Alimentary Disorders of Dogs and Cats

what are the conditions under GI Neoplasia (3) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Gastric Neoplasia

2. Intestinal Neoplasia

3. neoplasia

clinical signs of Gastric Neoplasia (4) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Weight loss

2. Vomiting, with or without blood

3. Obstruction

4. Usually seen in older animals

diagnosis of Gastric Neoplasia (2) (GI Neoplasia)

1. endoscopy

2. biopsy

treatment of Gastric Neoplasia (3) (GI Neoplasia)

1. surgical remova

2. chemotherapy

3. radiation

clinical signs of intestinal Neoplasia (7) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Weight loss

2. Signs of partial GI obstruction

3. Presence or absence of melena

4. Signs of malabsorption / maldigestion with or without vomiting

5. diarrhea

6. Abdominal discomfort

7. Anorexia

diagnosis of intestinal Neoplasia (4) (GI Neoplasia)

1. physical examination

2. radiography

3. biopsy

4. lab tests

what would be noticed in a physical exam for intestinal neoplasia (3) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Abdominal mass may be palpable in the intestines

2. the intestinal wall may feel thickened.

3. Mesenteric lymph nodes may be enlarged.

what would be seen in radiography for intestinal neoplasia (3) (GI Neoplasia)

1. mucosal irregularity

2. thickened wall

3. abnormal luminal diameter

what lab tests are done for Intestinal Neoplasia (2) (GI Neoplasia)

CBC and serum profile

what are you looking for from lab tests for Intestinal Neoplasia (3) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Anemia

2. Hypoproteinemia

3. Leukocytosis with a left shift

what is treatment for Intestinal Neoplasia (7) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Surgical removal of the tumor

2. cats may do well receiving the COP (cytoxan, oncovin, prednisolone) protocol

3. nutritional management

4. transfusions

5. Antibiotic

6. prednisone, cimetidine, antibiotics

7. chemotherapy

what are the 3 carcinomas under neoplasia (GI Neoplasia)

1. massive

2. nodular

3. diffuse

define massive carcinomas (GI Neoplasia)

a single large mass in one liver lobe

define nodular carcinoma (GI Neoplasia)

discrete nodules in several liver lobes

define diffuse carcinoma (GI Neoplasia)

infiltration throughout a large mass of liver tissue.

define metastases (GI Neoplasia)

the spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

Primary hepatic neoplasm is most common in animals older than (GI Neoplasia)

10 yo

clinical signs of neoplasia (11) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Anorexia (especially in cats)

2. Lethargy (especially in cats)

3. Weight loss

4. Pu or Pd

5. Vomiting (especially in dogs)

6. Abdominal distension (dogs)

7. Jaundice

8. Presence or absence of diarrhea

9. Presence or absence of bleeding

10. Pale mucous membranes

11. Hepatomegaly

how to diagnose neoplasia (7) (GI Neoplasia)

1. CBC

2. serum chem

3. hepatomegaly

4. ascites

5. ultrasonography

6. biopsy

7. abdominal tap

what would a cbc show in neoplasia (GI Neoplasia)

anemia

what would appear if it had neoplsia (7) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Increased ALT, ALP (mild to marked; cats may have a normal ALP)

2. Hyperbilirubinemia

3. Hypoalbuminemia

4. Hypoglycemia

5. Increased serum bile acids

6. Hyperglobulinemia

7. Azotemia (especially in cats)

define Azotemia (GI Neoplasia)

abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds—primarily urea and creatinine—in the blood

what would be seen in a ultrasonogrsphy for neoplasia (GI Neoplasia)

Focal, multifocal, or diffuse changes in echogenicity of the liver

what would an abdominal tap show for neoplasia (GI Neoplasia)

tumor cells

how to treat neoplasia (5) (GI Neoplasia)

1. Remove affected lobe if a single lesion is present.

2. chemotherapy

3. Restore fluid and electrolyte balance.

4. Maintain a good nutritional level.

5. Treat symptoms of nausea and diarrhea.

define Megaesophagus (Megaesophagus)

A dilated esophagus from any cause.

what is it rare in (2) (Megaesophagus)

cats and horses

One of the most common causes of — in dogs. (Megaesophagus)

regurgitation

what congenital breeds are affected (6) (Megaesophagus)

1. Great Danes

2. GSD

3. Irish Setters

4. Miniature Schnauzer

5. Labs

6. siamese

main cause (Megaesophagus)

idiopathic

secondary cause (Megaesophagus)

1. CNS

2. Peripheral Neuropathies

3. Neuromuscular Junction

4. Esophageal Musculature

5. Obstructive lesions

6. Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV)

define neuropathies (Megaesophagus)

any condition caused by damage to the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

define Neuromuscular Junction (Megaesophagus)

the highly specialized synapse where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fiber

define musculature (Megaesophagus)

the system, arrangement, or total collection of muscles in a body or a specific organ

define Obstructive lesions (Megaesophagus)

a structural abnormality, tumor, or narrowing in an anatomical passage (such as a blood vessel, heart valve, or airway) that restricts or completely blocks the normal flow of fluids, air, or blood

what does GDV stand for (Megaesophagus)

Gastric Dilation Volvulus

define Gastric Dilation Volvulus (Megaesophagus)

a rapidly progressive and life-threatening condition primarily affecting large, deep-chested dogs

define pathogensis (Megaesophagus)

the biological mechanism that causes a disease to develop, progress, and persist

pathogensis (Megaesophagus)

Occurs due to lack of muscle one/neurological innervation of esophagus.

clinical signs (Megaesophagus)

1. idiopathic

2. chronic regurgitation

3. poor growth

4. weight loss.

5. aspiration pneumonia

6. fever

7. coughing +/- productive

8. lethargy

9. +/- nasal discharge

define idiopathic (Megaesophagus)

a medical term used to describe a disease, condition, or symptom that arises spontaneously or for which the exact cause is unknown

vomiting is a —, — process (Megaesophagus)

active, forceful

regurgitation is a —, — process (Megaesophagus)

passive, effortless

yes or no to both (Megaesophagus)

no, yes

answer (Megaesophagus)

no, yes

answer (Megaesophagus)

+/-, +/-

answer (Megaesophagus)

no, +/-

ph level (Megaesophagus)

>, any pH

Diagnosis (Megaesophagus)

1. Hx of regurgtation

2. x-ray

3. Barium swallow

what would an x-ray show (3 + 1) (Megaesophagus)

large esophagus full of gas, fluid, or food.

define barium swallow (Megaesophagus)

a diagnostic imaging test used to look at how the esophagus moves food/liquid.

treatment (2) (Megaesophagus) (Megaesophagus)

1. elevate food and water

2. small amounts of food frequently.

how to prevent (Megaesophagus)

none

define megacolon (Megacolon)

Constant distention of the colon can lead to decreased motility of the colon.

what causes megacolon (4) (Megacolon)

1. Idiopathic Megacolon

2. Congenital

3. Functional

4. Mechanical obstruction

what is functional megacolon (Megacolon)

traumatic distal spinal cord lesions

what comes from Mechanical obstruction (4) (Megacolon)

1. pelvic fracture

2. neoplasia

3. inflammation

4. environmental

clinical signs (6) (Megacolon)

1. Chronic constipation.

2. Tenesmus.

3. May have anorexia

4. may have vomiting

5. may have weight loss.

6. Colon distended with feces and easily palpable.

how to diagnose (3) (Megacolon)

1. physical exam

2. history

3. large distended colon on plain radiographs

how to treat (6) (Megacolon)

1. Stool softeners and laxatives

2. Removal of impacted feces

3. Motility modifiers

4. Maintain hydration.

5. increased fibre to stimulate normal peristalsis

6. nutritionally

what does GDV stand for (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

what are the risk factors (4) (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

1. increasing age

2. dry food

3. exercise

4. eating too fast

clinical signs (9) (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

1. Vomiting or attempts to vomit

2. Retching

3. Abdominal discomfort

4. Drooling

5. Distended abdomen

6. Muddy mm’s

7. Tachycardia

8. Signs of shock

9. Pacing

what is MM (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

pale or grey and tacky

what is CRT (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

more than 3 secs

what is HR (low end) (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

less than 70 secs

what is HR (high end) (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

greater than 160

what is the RR (2) (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

dyspnea or shallow

what is temp (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

37.5

what is daignosis (4) (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

1. history

2. clinical signs

3. physical exam

4. radiography

treatment? (9) (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

1. oxygen therapy

2. shock correction

3. Relieve gastric distension

4. Radiographs to confirm gastric dilatation.

5. Surgery (gastropexy) permanently adhering the stomach to the abdominal wall.

6. Intensive nursing post-op is essential.

7. e-collar

8. dont exercise before or after eating 30mins

9. therapeutic diet

RVT Roles (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus)

1. dietary needs

2. daily hosp care

3. home instructions

define gastritis (Acute Gastritis)

a general term referring to an inflammatory condition of the digestive tract including the stomach and intestines.

what causes it (6) (Acute Gastritis)

1. Dietary indiscretion

2. Obstruction

3. Gastrointestinal/abdominal inflammation

4. Systemic disease

5. Drugs

6. Toxins

what are some toxic human foods (13) (Acute Gastritis)

1. Chocolate

2. onion

3. garlic

4. Macadamia nuts

5. seeds from pears

6. seeds from peaches

7. seeds from apples

8. raisins

9. rhubarb leaves

10. alcohol

11. yeast

12. grapes

13. Xylitol.

pathogensis (Acute Gastritis)

vomit

clinical signs (7) (Acute Gastritis)

1. vomiting

2. anorexia,

3. abdominal pain,

4. increased gut sounds,

5. halitosis,

6. shivering,

7. increased thirst.

what is MM (Acute Gastritis)

tachy, pale and slimy

what is CRT (Acute Gastritis)

greater than 3 secs

what is HR (lower end) dogs (Acute Gastritis)

less than 70

what is HR (higher end) dogs (Acute Gastritis)

greater than 180

what is HR (lower end) cats (Acute Gastritis)

less than 120

what is HR (higher end) cats (Acute Gastritis)

greater than 240

what is rr (Acute Gastritis)

tachypenic

what is temp (Acute Gastritis)

greater than 39

how to diagnose (5) (Acute Gastritis)

1. History of exposure to FBs

2. toxins

3. drugs.

4. fever

5. abdominal pain.

what is treatment (5) (Acute Gastritis)

1. maintain hydration

2. antiemetics

3. activated charcoal

4. low fat, high digestibilty diets

5. NPO therapy

define antiemetics (Acute Gastritis)

medications used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting

define pica (Acute Gastritis)

is a dangerous, often compulsive, disorder characterized by the consistent craving and consumption of non-food items like rocks, dirt, cloth, or plastic.

define pica (Acute Gastritis)

characterized by the consistent craving and consumption of non-food items

what are some human food hazards (13) (Acute Gastritis)

1. Chocolate Toxicity (theobromine)

2. onion poisining

3. garlic poisoning

4. Macadamia nuts

5. seeds from pears

6. peaches

7. apples

8. raisins

9. rhubarb leaves

10. alcohol

11. yeast

12. grapes

13. Xylitol.

clinical signs of onion/ garlic poisoning (4) (Acute Gastritis)

1. hemolytic anemia

2. initially GIT upset with comiting and dirrhea

3. hematuria

4. hypoxic

clinical signs of macadamia nuts poisoning (5) (Acute Gastritis)

1. causes locomoter difficulties (neuro-toxic)

2. tremor of skeletal muscles

3. weakness or paralysis of hindquarters

4. some dogs have swollen limbs and are painful

5. muscle weakness

Food designed for managing acute GI disorders must be: (3) (Acute Gastrointestinal Disease)

1. Highly digestible.

2. Low in fat.

3. Restricted in fibre.

If vomiting … (1ish) (Acute Gastrointestinal Disease)

only allow ice cubes or a small amount of water every few hours.

If vomiting/diarrhea has worsened or failed to resolve in 12 hours … (Acute Gastrointestinal Disease)

call the clinic immediately.

If vomiting has resolved in 12 hours … (Acute Gastrointestinal Disease)

allow small amounts of GI diet four times daily for one day.

As long as vomiting does not reoccur and diarrhea is resolving …(Acute Gastrointestinal Disease)

begin mixing in regular food with a GI diet

what commonly causes it (Gastric Ulceration)

drug therapy

what is the most common drug of cause (Gastric Ulceration)

NSAID