APES Unit 1 (continue at 1.8)

cutting it close 😭 also dont forget to study the biome types and characteristics and the drawing flow of the cylcles

Individual

one organism

Population

a group of the same species

Community

all living organismsm

Ecosystem

all living and nonliving things in an area

Biome

ares with similar climate conditions

Symbiosis

two species living in long term and close proximity

Competition

when two organisms fight for hte same resources

predation vs parasitism

predation is the hunting but parasitism doesnt kill, but both have one that harms and one that beenfits. predation is not symbiosis (they dont live in continually close proximity) but paraistism is

Mutualism

benefit both

Commensalism

benefit one and the other doesnt care

Herbivores

only eat plants

True predators

hunt and eat prey for energy

parasites

use and sometimes live inside a host for energy but not killing them directly

parasitoids

predators that lay eggs in their host so that the larvae can eat their host for energy

resource partitioning and types with examples

temporal (hunting at different times), spatial (using different parts of a tree), morphological (different beak shapes for different food)

What aspect of the earth (regarding location) determines temperature and precipitation

Latitude

What are the defining cahracteristics of biomes

temperature and precipitation (shoutout to nutrient availabiluy but the first two take precedence)

What is nutrient availability

the availability of nutrients….

What are the imporantant aspects of an aquatic biome and why

Salinity (some organisms cant live in fresh or salt water, depth (determines sunlight and temperature), and flow (determines the amount of dissolved` o2 in water

What are the four lake depth zones

Littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic

littoral zone

water shallow enough plants can grow up out of it

limnetic zone

area light can reach lake

profundal

no sunlight can reach this part of lake

benthic

bottom of the lake

wetland

soil very saturated/submerged in shallow water

What are benefits of wetlands

theyre able to store water well, preventing floods

high productivity

able to filter pollutants by water seeping thru the ground

estuaries

areas where rivers mix into the ocean

what is the symbiosis in coral reefs and algae

coral take co2 out of ocean to make their shells and for the algae, algae provide sugar to the coral for energy

intertidal zones

areas on the coastline that fluctuate between low and high tide

what are the two zones of the open ocean and what is the key difference

photic and aphotic, changes when there is no longer enough sunlight to sustain photosynthesis

what is teh level of productivity in the open ocean

low

sink

absorbs a material more than it releases it

source

releases more of something than absorbing it

list the carbon sinks

photosynthesis, direct exchange, sedimentation, burial

list carbon sources

cellular respiration, combustion, deforestation, extraction

what is direct exchange

when co2 moves from atmosphere to ocean by dissolving in the water

how does sedmentation work in the cardon cycle

marine animals die and their remains (shells) erode into sediments that contain carbon,

burial

when when carbon from dead organisms (and the sediments from marine sedimentation) are slowly buried into the ground as sedimentary rock or fossil fuels

extraction

extracting fossil fuels buried underground, puts carbon into the circulating cycle rather than trapped underground

how does nitrogen cycle compare to carbon cycle

reserviors hold nitrgen for short times than carbon

where is most of the nitrogen, and how it is used

in the atmosphere as n2 nitrogen gas, and it is not usable by plants and animals

explain how to make N2 usable

through nitrogen fixation, wehre N2 is converted to ammonium (nh4) by bacteria in the soil or lightning

nitrification

turns the ammonium (nh4) from nitrogen fixation into nitrites (no2-) then nitrates (no3-) so that they can be easily taken by the plants

assimilation

plants taking the nitrogen from the soil

why is nitrogen important

helps build protiens and dna/rna

Ammonification

turns animal waste and remains back into the soil as ammonium

dentrification

bacteria convert nitraes into nitrogen gas

waht is the slowest nutrient cycle (in unit 1) and why

phosphorus cuz its only in rocks

what is phosphorus important for

dna atp bones teeth

what are human sources of phosphorus

through use of fertilizers that create runoff

how is p absorbed by plants

assimiliation (just like nitrogen)

how is phosphate reutnred to the soil

bacteria decomposing waste and dead matter

what does phosphorus do in water

cannot dissolve so it becomes sediment

geological uplit

when tectonic plates hit causing the formation of mountains that contain P, allowing it to be weathered and to continue the cycle

eutrophication

too much of limiting nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem leads to overgrowth of algae that takes away all oxygen and sunlight from other orgnanimssmw living

what are the limiting nutrients (that we know)

nitrogen and phosphorust

transpirartion

evaporation of water from plants

aquifer

an area underground that is saturated with water (groundwater)

infiltration

water seeps underground

What is primary productivity

The rate that plants photosythesize

What is the units for primary productivity

Energy/area/time (kcal/m^2/yr)

What does primary productivity look like in biodiverse environments

High pp = high biodiversity

What is respiration loss

energy that plants lose for in for functions like respiration and transportation

Gross primary productivity

the total amount of energy that plants can make through sunlight and photosynthesis

net primary productivity

the amount of energy left for consumers after the plants have lost some to respiration

how to find net primary productivity

npp = gross primary productivity - respiration loss

ecological efficiency

the amount of energy that is that plants have leftover for the next level

how much of sunlight is collected by plants and how much of what they collect is transfeerred to the next level

1% of all sunlight and 40% of that is transferreedd

what does a more productive biome mean and what factors lead to high productivity

higher diversity

water availabliltiy, higher temperature, and nutrient availability = high net primary productivity

second law of thermodynamics

every time energy is transferred, some is lost as heatf

first law of thermodynamics

energy cant be created or destroyed

10% rule

only 10% of the energy is transferred onto the next trophic level

food web

a depiction of how matter and energy moves thorugh an ecosystem

trophic cascade

when a predator is removed, there is a ripple efffect on the lower trophic levels

leaching

when water seeping down soil layers brings nutrients down with it

suspended particles

particles that are floating in the water do to water currents

turbidity

the level of suspended particles that are in the water