Anatomy (Biology Review)

Biology

The study of life

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism

Cells

-Basic unit of life

-Smallest part of organism capable of life

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

Prokaryote

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Organelle

special structures in cell to help the cell to help the cell function

Cytoplasm

holds everything in place, jelly-like

Hydrophobic

afraid of water

Hydrophilic

water loving

cell membrane

-Controls what goes in and out

-Made of phospholipids

-arranged in bi layer

Homeostasis

a balanced internal state

Cytoskeleton

support, maintain shape, motility, and regulate biochemical activities

Centrioles

Helps with cell division

Flagella

moves fluid through the entire cell (single)

Cilia

moves fluid (many)

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Chromatin

DNA

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

Makes proteins and on Rough ER

Vesicle

mini-cars that transport proteins around and out the cell

Rough ER

-ER that is dotted with ribosomes

-Makes & packages proteins

Smooth ER

-ER that has no ribosomes

-Makes lipids

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion

Vacuole

stores food, water, and waste

Mitochondria

breaks down energy to release ATP

Living Tissue Composition

cells are organized into tissue

70% water

26% macromolecules

Macromolecules

polymers built from monomers

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Lipids

fats, oils

Carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Proteins

amino acids

Enzymes

Catalysts

Interphase

-cell spends most life here

-DNA is doubled

Mitosis

cell division

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

Smallest to largest levels of organization

chromosome, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

gene expression

what a cell becomes

mitochondrial matrix

the fluid that is inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

mitochondrial cristae

folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane that provide an increase in the surface area