9.5 genomics and bioinformatics

genomics

study of genomes, which can include the sequencing of all of an organism’s dna

what does genomics compare

genomes within and across species

what does genomics help with

researchers to find genes that cause disease and understand how medications work

what does genomics show

when closely related species diverged from each other

what does genomics begin with

gene sequencing

gene sequencing

determining the order of dna nucleotides in genes or in genomes

finding order of nucleoties

what is gene sequencing used for

determining order of dna nucleotides in genes or genomes

what did human genome project do

sequenced and identified all of dna base pairs in human chromosomes

what is human genome project still investigating

identifying genes, finding locations of genes, and determining factors of genes

bioinformatics

use of computer databases to organize and analyze biological data

lets researchers predict and model the functions of genes and proteins

vital to study of genes and proteins

powerful computer programs are needed tto compare genomes that are billions of base pairs in length

why is bioinformatics important for genomics research

links different ares of research

give scientists a way to store, share and find data

benefits of proteomics

shared evolutionary histroeis among organisms are studied by comparing proteins across species

allows scientists to learna bout proteins involved in human diseases

has poptential to help doctors match medical treatments to a patient’s unique body chemistry

can compare proteins across species to find shared evolutionary histories among organisms

process of gene sequencing

radioactive primer is added to a single strand of dna

polymerase builds short segment of new dna strand

lengths of new dna strand are controlled so that they can be separated by gel electrophoresis

based on pattern of dna fragments on gel, dna sequence of original strand can be put together like pieces of a puzzle

two goals of human genome project

map and sequence all of dna base pairs of human chromosomes

identify all of the genes withing the sequence

dna microaaray

tools that allows scintists to study many genes, and their expression at once

small chip dotted with all of the genes being studied

proteomics

study and comparison of all the proteins that result from an organism’s genome

includes study of functions and interactions of proteins

process of dna microarray

cdna labeld with fluorescent dye is added to microarray

cdan binds to its complementary dna strand in the microarray by the same base pairing rules

anywhere cdna binds to dna in microarray shows up as a glowing dot because of the dy

glowing dot in microarray is a match between a cdna molecule and dna on the chip

glowing dot shows wich genes are expressed and how much they are expressed

cdna

single stranded dna molecuel that is made from an mrna molecule

complementary to mrna

binds to complementary dna strand in microarray by same base pairing rules

what do microarrays help researchers do

find which genes are expressed in which tissues, and under what conditions

ex. dna microarrays can compare gene expression in cnacer cells with gene expression in healthy cells, which can lead to cancer treatments that target faulty genes