Weber - Calvinism

Religion as a force for change

Weber argues that in some circumstances religion can act as a catalyst for social change. He examines the relationship between Calvinism and the development of western industrial capitalism.

Ascetic Protestant Calvinists

Originated in 17th century Europe among agricultural farming population in America (also prevalent in Europe). Their life was ascetic - abstinence from fun and enforced strict discipline, no sex, drinking etc. They believed they were God’s chosen people and to ensure they got into heaven they had to live a life free of sin.

The spirit of capitalism

By self denial and putting all their money back into their business (farming) - in order to please God - they inadvertently created the perfect business model for Capitalism. Weber argues, therefore, that Calvinism acted as a catalyst for the spread of industrial capitalism.

Criticism of Weber

Calvinism was strong in parts of the world where capitalism did not develop until much later which suggests there is not a direct link between Calvinists and capitalism. However, Weber would argue that Calvinism can act as a catalyst but doesn’t always.

Criticism of Weber - Kautsky

Capitalism developed where there where no Calvinists living.

Criticism of Weber - Weber

Weber also argues the spread of Protestant beliefs signalled the start of secularisation, Calvinism became more about the money than the beliefs.

Weber - Rationalisation & Secularisation

Weber found that as capitalism developed, business became about profits and had no focus on religion, money means technological advancements and society can now answer the unanswerable e.g. how to cure illness.

Hinduism & Calvinism

Weber argues Calvinist beliefs were one of the causes of spread of global capitalism (need other factors such as natural resources, trade, money etc.). Weber notes other economies have had higher level of economic development that Europe in 16th & 17th centuries but capitalism didn’t succeed there due to lack of religious belief system like Calvinism. Hinduism ascetic religion in ancient India that directed followers towards spiritual world rather than material world.

Criticism of Weber - Tawney

Technological change was what caused birth of capitalism, not religious beliefs. After Capitalism developed bourgeoisie adopted Calvinist beliefs to legitimate pursuit of economic gain.