NUTR 3000 - Water Soluble Vitamins

B vitamins are grouped for

convenience not similarity

B vitamins are mainly

coenzymes in intermediary metabolism

Symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies are generally

lack of appetite/anorexia

poor growth

skin disorders

rough-looking hair

infertility

nervous sign (paralysis, convulsions)

death

B vitamins can be synthesized by

rumen bacteria, rumensynthesize (sometimes not quickly enough)

-ex: thiamine in high grain diets, niacin in dairy cows

non-ruminant herbivores like horses require B vitamins in the diet because

Vitamins synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine aren't absorbed in many cases

Vitamin B1 is aka

Thiamine

Function of VB1

carbohydrate metabolism (oxidative decarboxylations)

Thiamin is part of co-carboxylase which helps convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA, and tranketolase

Sources of VB1

Yeast, whole grain, meat like pork, good hay

A deficiency of VB1 causes

Pyruvate build up

Beri beri (nerve damage causing numbness)

Polyneuritis (stargazing in chicks)

Inflammation of grey matter in brain.

How can you get an induced deficiency of thiamine?

by consuming a lot of raw fish and shellfish because they have thiaminase. Fish is often fed to mink, foxes, dogs, bears. To fix, supplement thiamine.

-alchoholism

-bracken poisoning in horses

-chastek's paralysis in foxes

A thiamine deficiency shows up and can be recovered from quite

quickly (9-10 days in chicks)

heat labile

describes compounds that can be denatured and become biologically non-functional if exposed to autoclave temperatures

T/F: Thiamine is heat-labile

True

Diagnosis of thiamine deficiency

measure trans-ketolase activity is red cells and there is a low-level in urine tests

Function of Vitamin B2/Riboflavin

part of FMN and FAD coenzymes (oxidases and dehydrogenases)

Sourced of Vitamin B2

cereal grains, milk, meat, eggs, synthetic

T/F: Riboflavin is heat-stable, but can be destroyed by UV light

true

Riboflavin is what colour?

yellow-green

Deficiency of Vitamin B 2 causes

-epithelial damage (dermatitis)

-degeneration of nerve sheath

-curled-toe paralysis in chicks

Storage of B vitamins is an issue, most people store it in the

freezer

Function of Niacin/Vitamin B3

In NAD and NADP which are involved in biological sythesis

Sources of Niacin

Meat, fish, yeast, cereals (but not very available, like corn)

Niacin deficiency causes

black tongue in dogs

Pellagra in humans

slipped tendon in chicken

enlarged hocks in swine

Pellagra is common in the

southern US (lots of corn in diet)

How to make niacin in corn available

treat it with alkali (lime), like in hominy and tortilla

Niacin nixtamalization is

making niacin available by cooking or soaking with corn with alkali to remove the grain's bran

Nixtamalization reduces

mycotoxins

Some species can inefficiently make niacin from

tryptophan

Species that can't make niacin from tryptophan

cats, milk, insects

Excess niacin can cause

liver damage

Functions of Pyridoxine/ Vitamin B6

• Coenzyme for metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids (many transaminations)

• Coenzyme for phosphorylase (catabolism of glycogen)

• Affects expression of some genes

Sources of pyrodoxine

Bran, vegetables, meats

Deficiency of Vitamin B6 can cause

anemia, epilepsy-like convulsions, acrodynia (dermatitis in rat paws and noses)

T/F: Vitamin B6 deficiencies are common in humans

false, they are rare

Active forms of Vitamin B6

pyidoxine, pyridoxal and pysidoxamine

Large excesses of VB6 can cause

nerve damage

What sources of pyridoxine are more/less available

plants=less

animal=more

Pantothenic acid/Vitamin B5 functions

part of CoA and involved in two carbon transfers

part of the acyl-carrier protein

Pantothen is greek for

from everywhere

Deficiency of Vitamin B5

• Goose-stepping (pigs)

• Sticky eyelids (chickens)

• Greying of hair (rats, not humans)

Biotin. Vitamin B7 functions

Coenzyme in several reactions, involved with one-carbon transfers

Sources of Biotin

plants (not very available), yeast, liver, milk, intestinal bacteria

Deficiency of biotin causes

-hair loss around eyes in rats (spectacles)

-thinning hair

-dermatitis

Biotin induced deficiency

in raw eggs, the egg white protein ties up biotin very tightly. if you cook it, the protein (Avidin) deactivates, making biotin available)

Biotin is aka

vitamin H and Coenzyme R

Anthropomorphism is

assigning human values onto an animal

To help meet biotin requirement in humans and other species, it is synthesized in the

intestine

what prevents coprophagy

keeping a rat's cage too clean because we are anthropomorphic

No coprophagy causes a deficiency of

biotin

A deficiency in biotin does what to the colour in fur

changes colour

Folate/ Vitamin B9 function

one-carbon transfers (methyl and formyl groups), nucleic acid synthesis

Sources of folic acid

liver, leafy greens, and in GI tract (if tract does fermentation like cows or horses)

A deficiency of folic acid causes

spina bifida, recommended to take folates during pregnancy or folic enriched foods like bread

An excess of folic acid can mask

a vitamin B12 deficiency (prevents the anemia but not the nerve damage)

Metabolism of Folate is linked to that of

B12

Function of Cyanocobalamin/vitamin B12

required by two mammalian enzymes, one carbon transfers, conversion of propionate to succinyl CoA

Sources of Vitamin B12

synthesized by microorganisms

liver rich

Vitamin B122 is not found in

higher plants

A deficiency in B12 causes

-pernicious anemia

-damage to nervous system

-wasting

The animal protein factor is

B12

What viatmin is absent in absent in vegetarian diets

B12

B12 is stored in the

liver

T/F: depletion of B12 can take years to deplete in a human

true

What is needed for B12 absorbtion?

a protein secreted by the stomach call Intrinsic Factor

Hamsters have a very high requirement for

vitamin C

Other B vitamins

-Choline (B4): cattle given rumen protected B4

-Inositol (B8/myoinositol)

What two B vitamins work together to make chemical messengers and keep the CNS working?

choline and inositol

What compound is found in folic acid

PABA (para-amino benzoic acid

Vitamin C is called

ascorbic acid

Vitamin C is sensitive to

heat and light

What are the functions of Vitamin C

-enzyme reactions

-collagen formation

-steroid synthesis

-powerful antioxidant

-Interactions with oxygen, free radical, and metals

-improves iron absorption

Vitamin C is conditionally essential in

pigs

Some species synthesize vitamin C in

tissues (not rumen)

Vitamin C is required in

fish and shellfish

birds

guinea pigs

bats

primates

Glucose is converted to vitamin C by

L gluconolactone oxidase

What animals lack the enzyme L gulonolactone

humans, guinea pigs, others

Without L gluconolactone, Vitamin C is obtained through

exogenous sources

Sources of Vitamin C

citrus fruits

black currant

leafy vegetables

potatoes

A deficiency of ascorbic acid causes

Scurvy, bleeding, weak skin, curled spine in fish

An excess of vitamin C causes

kidney stone and increase risk of heart attack

Vitamin P is aka

bioflavonoids

Vitamin P is found in

juices

Vitamin P is in what form

crystalline