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Emerging Adulthood (18-29)
Phase of life distinct from adolescence and adulthood; in some ways an adult, in some ways not.
not financially or emotionally secure.
categorized by experimentation and exploration
emerging adulthood
young adult involves
Intimacy, marriage, childbearing, vocational training/preparation and establishment, peaks in aspects of cognitive development, formal operational thinking, peak physical performances (20s and 30s)
Markers of becoming an adult
Holding a full-time job, Economic independence, Taking responsibility for oneself
Peak physical performance
mid-20s
Sexual activity in emerging adulthood
Patterns of heterosexual behavior:
Males have more casual sexual partners, while females report being more selective.
Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood
Do men or women think about sex more?
men
cognition
adolescents and adults think qualitatively the same way
fantasy period of vocational development
in early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them
tentative period of vocational development
between ages 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in more complex ways. further awareness takes place
realistic period of vocational development
further exploration leading to practical and economic considerations and narrowing down of options
The stage of emerging adulthood tends to characterize a period of development in cultures that
postpone assumption of adult roles
key features of emerging adulthood according to Arnett
feeling in-between, identity exploration, self-focus, instability
The most frequent living arrangement for today's 18- to 34-year-olds is in
their parents' home
Compared to earlier generations, American women today in their late teens and early twenties are more likely to
have a college degree
Today's college students experience more
stress and are more depressed than in the past
Around what age does muscle tone and strength begin to show signs of decline?
30
For adults socioemotional development revolves around
adaptively integrating emotional experiences into enjoyable relationships with others
secure attachment style
Adults have positive views of relationships
avoidant attachment style
Adults are hesitant to get involved in romantic relationships
anxious attachment style
Adults covet closeness, but are less trusting, and more emotional, jealous, and possessive
intimacy versus isolation (6th stage)
finding oneself by losing oneself in another person
platonic relationships
nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners
tannen distinguishes 2 ways of communication
rapport talk, report talk
rapport talk
a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships
report talk
talk that is designed to give information
Do women enjoy rapport talk or report talk more?
rapport talk
Men prefer to engage in ____ talk
report
proximity
closeness in terms of personal contact
familiarity
typically, the more familiar, the more comfort in relationships
matching hypothesis
the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately the same level of attractiveness
7 C's of intimate relationships
-Compatibility
-Communication
-Consensual validation
-Caring
-Commitment
-Conflict resolution capability
-Coitus/copulation
eros
sensual love/feelings
phileo
friendship/brotherly love
storge
familial love
agape
unconditional love
according to ellen bershield:
some friendships evolve into romantic love
affectionate love
type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person
affectionate love is also called
companionate love
Lawrence Sternberg proposition of consumate love
a triarchic/triangle theory with three main dimensions- passion, intimacy, and commitment
passion
physical and sexual attraction
intimacy
emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing
commitment
cognitive appraisal of the relationship
type of love: infatuation
passion
type of love: affectionate love
intimacy and commitment but no passion
type of love: fatuous love
passion and commitment
Consumate Love (Sternberg)
intimacy, passion, commitment
main thing missing in many cohabitating relationships
commitment
average age of marriage in the US
females: 27.5
males: 29.5
average duration of marriage in the US is
about 9 years
increases in divorce are correlated with
-Youthful marriage
-Low educational level
-Low income
-Not having religious affiliation
-Divorced parents
-Having a baby before marriage
divorced adults typically remarry within
3-4 years after their divorce
women have split dreams, focusing on
marriage and family, career
vaillant's adaptation to life
Twenties - intimacy concerns
Thirties - career consolidation
Forties - generativity
Fifties - "keepers of meaning"
Which two characteristics would best predict marriage longevity?
education, ethnicity
in recent years, the number of americans who never marry has
increased
Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)
a time of reflection, evaluation, anticipation
midlife: Erikson's 7th stage
generativity versus stagnation
sarcopenia
age related loss of muscle mass and strength; meaning a lack or deficiency of the flesh
what can be used to reduce the decline of muscle mass and strength?
endurance training and resistance training
what is the rate of muscle loss after age 50?
about 1 to 2% per year
women are more likely to experience bone loss due to
osteoporosis
individuals lose height in
middle age
hearing declines after age
40
sleep problems are more common for people who
use a higher number of medications, are obese, depressed, or have cardiovascular disease
the thymus gland is almost undetectable after the age of
50
type A personalities are more likely to experience
heart attacks
hardiness (Kobasa)
ability to turn negative stressors into positive challenges
3 C's of a hardy personality
commitment, control, challenge
climacteric
midlife transition in which reproductive capacity/ fertility declines (begins in mid-30s)
what is the average age menopause occurs?
51
what happens during menopause?
menstrual periods completely cease, production of estrogen drops, reduction of bone mass and skin elasticity, shrinkage of reproductive organs
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
replacement of hormones, estrogen and/or progesterone, to treat symptoms associated with menopause
phytoestrogens
plant derived estrogens that have a chemical structure similar to those produced by the body, used to treat symptoms associated with menopause
Black cohosh
used for hot flashes
antidepressants for menopause
alleviates menopausal symptoms like hot flashes
local vaginal hormone therapy
given for vaginal estrogen insufficiency
testosterone production continues throughout life, meaning
men can father children throughout their life
Many older adults are sexually active as long as
they are healthy
cystallized intelligence
individual's accumulated information over time (nurture). tends to build throughout adulthood
fluid intelligence
natural (nature) ability to reason abstractly; begins to decrease in middle adulthood
perceptual speed begins
declining in early adulthood and continues declining in middle age
leisure
the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing
religious attendance is linked to
a reduction of BP and hypertension, increased longevity, coping with stress
many of the symptoms of menopause are caused by
decreased estrogen production
HRT increases the risk of
breast cancer
According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis in middle adulthood is
generativity versus stagnation
generativity
commitment to continuation and improvement of society as a whole
life span
The number of years an individual can live (120-125 years)
life expectancy
number of years that the average person will probably live
women outlive men by
about 5 years
life expectancy crossover
age-related reversal in life expectancy of sectors of the population
worldwide life expectancy
female: 81
male: 76
countries with longest life expectancies
Monaco, Japan, Singapore, Macau
countries with very short life expectancies
Chad, Angola, Mozambique
Jean Louise Calment
lived to be 122
Longest marriage in Louisiana
Norm and Norma Burmah; married 83 years
centenarians
people 100 years old or older
supercentenarian
a person who lives to be 110 or older
senescence
biological aging; genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems