Psych 255 Final

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144 Terms

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Emerging Adulthood (18-29)

Phase of life distinct from adolescence and adulthood; in some ways an adult, in some ways not.

not financially or emotionally secure.

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categorized by experimentation and exploration

emerging adulthood

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young adult involves

Intimacy, marriage, childbearing, vocational training/preparation and establishment, peaks in aspects of cognitive development, formal operational thinking, peak physical performances (20s and 30s)

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Markers of becoming an adult

Holding a full-time job, Economic independence, Taking responsibility for oneself

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Peak physical performance

mid-20s

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Sexual activity in emerging adulthood

Patterns of heterosexual behavior:

Males have more casual sexual partners, while females report being more selective.

Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood

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Do men or women think about sex more?

men

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cognition

adolescents and adults think qualitatively the same way

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fantasy period of vocational development

in early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them

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tentative period of vocational development

between ages 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in more complex ways. further awareness takes place

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realistic period of vocational development

further exploration leading to practical and economic considerations and narrowing down of options

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The stage of emerging adulthood tends to characterize a period of development in cultures that

postpone assumption of adult roles

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key features of emerging adulthood according to Arnett

feeling in-between, identity exploration, self-focus, instability

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The most frequent living arrangement for today's 18- to 34-year-olds is in

their parents' home

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Compared to earlier generations, American women today in their late teens and early twenties are more likely to

have a college degree

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Today's college students experience more

stress and are more depressed than in the past

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Around what age does muscle tone and strength begin to show signs of decline?

30

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For adults socioemotional development revolves around

adaptively integrating emotional experiences into enjoyable relationships with others

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secure attachment style

Adults have positive views of relationships

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avoidant attachment style

Adults are hesitant to get involved in romantic relationships

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anxious attachment style

Adults covet closeness, but are less trusting, and more emotional, jealous, and possessive

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intimacy versus isolation (6th stage)

finding oneself by losing oneself in another person

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platonic relationships

nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners

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tannen distinguishes 2 ways of communication

rapport talk, report talk

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rapport talk

a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships

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report talk

talk that is designed to give information

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Do women enjoy rapport talk or report talk more?

rapport talk

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Men prefer to engage in ____ talk

report

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proximity

closeness in terms of personal contact

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familiarity

typically, the more familiar, the more comfort in relationships

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matching hypothesis

the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately the same level of attractiveness

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7 C's of intimate relationships

-Compatibility

-Communication

-Consensual validation

-Caring

-Commitment

-Conflict resolution capability

-Coitus/copulation

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eros

sensual love/feelings

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phileo

friendship/brotherly love

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storge

familial love

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agape

unconditional love

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according to ellen bershield:

some friendships evolve into romantic love

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affectionate love

type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person

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affectionate love is also called

companionate love

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Lawrence Sternberg proposition of consumate love

a triarchic/triangle theory with three main dimensions- passion, intimacy, and commitment

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passion

physical and sexual attraction

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intimacy

emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing

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commitment

cognitive appraisal of the relationship

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type of love: infatuation

passion

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type of love: affectionate love

intimacy and commitment but no passion

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type of love: fatuous love

passion and commitment

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Consumate Love (Sternberg)

intimacy, passion, commitment

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main thing missing in many cohabitating relationships

commitment

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average age of marriage in the US

females: 27.5

males: 29.5

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average duration of marriage in the US is

about 9 years

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increases in divorce are correlated with

-Youthful marriage

-Low educational level

-Low income

-Not having religious affiliation

-Divorced parents

-Having a baby before marriage

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divorced adults typically remarry within

3-4 years after their divorce

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women have split dreams, focusing on

marriage and family, career

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vaillant's adaptation to life

Twenties - intimacy concerns

Thirties - career consolidation

Forties - generativity

Fifties - "keepers of meaning"

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Which two characteristics would best predict marriage longevity?

education, ethnicity

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in recent years, the number of americans who never marry has

increased

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Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)

a time of reflection, evaluation, anticipation

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midlife: Erikson's 7th stage

generativity versus stagnation

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sarcopenia

age related loss of muscle mass and strength; meaning a lack or deficiency of the flesh

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what can be used to reduce the decline of muscle mass and strength?

endurance training and resistance training

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what is the rate of muscle loss after age 50?

about 1 to 2% per year

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women are more likely to experience bone loss due to

osteoporosis

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individuals lose height in

middle age

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hearing declines after age

40

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sleep problems are more common for people who

use a higher number of medications, are obese, depressed, or have cardiovascular disease

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the thymus gland is almost undetectable after the age of

50

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type A personalities are more likely to experience

heart attacks

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hardiness (Kobasa)

ability to turn negative stressors into positive challenges

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3 C's of a hardy personality

commitment, control, challenge

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climacteric

midlife transition in which reproductive capacity/ fertility declines (begins in mid-30s)

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what is the average age menopause occurs?

51

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what happens during menopause?

menstrual periods completely cease, production of estrogen drops, reduction of bone mass and skin elasticity, shrinkage of reproductive organs

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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

replacement of hormones, estrogen and/or progesterone, to treat symptoms associated with menopause

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phytoestrogens

plant derived estrogens that have a chemical structure similar to those produced by the body, used to treat symptoms associated with menopause

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Black cohosh

used for hot flashes

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antidepressants for menopause

alleviates menopausal symptoms like hot flashes

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local vaginal hormone therapy

given for vaginal estrogen insufficiency

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testosterone production continues throughout life, meaning

men can father children throughout their life

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Many older adults are sexually active as long as

they are healthy

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cystallized intelligence

individual's accumulated information over time (nurture). tends to build throughout adulthood

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fluid intelligence

natural (nature) ability to reason abstractly; begins to decrease in middle adulthood

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perceptual speed begins

declining in early adulthood and continues declining in middle age

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leisure

the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing

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religious attendance is linked to

a reduction of BP and hypertension, increased longevity, coping with stress

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many of the symptoms of menopause are caused by

decreased estrogen production

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HRT increases the risk of

breast cancer

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According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis in middle adulthood is

generativity versus stagnation

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generativity

commitment to continuation and improvement of society as a whole

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life span

The number of years an individual can live (120-125 years)

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life expectancy

number of years that the average person will probably live

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women outlive men by

about 5 years

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life expectancy crossover

age-related reversal in life expectancy of sectors of the population

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worldwide life expectancy

female: 81

male: 76

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countries with longest life expectancies

Monaco, Japan, Singapore, Macau

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countries with very short life expectancies

Chad, Angola, Mozambique

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Jean Louise Calment

lived to be 122

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Longest marriage in Louisiana

Norm and Norma Burmah; married 83 years

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centenarians

people 100 years old or older

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supercentenarian

a person who lives to be 110 or older

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senescence

biological aging; genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems