cluster 2 revision

What two units are blood sugar measured in

Millimoles per liter

Milligrams per decilite

Normal range for blood sugar in milligrams per decilite

70-100 mg/dec

Normal range for blood sugar in millimoles per liter

4—6.9

Different types of RBG tests

1. Fasting blood sugar testing (no eating 8hrs fast)

2. After meal testing (2 hrs after eating test)

3. Random RBG testing (Anytime)

What is diabetes mellitus

A chronic metabolic disorder where the body cannot properly use or make insulin

S/S of diabetes

1. Polyuria

2. Polydipsia (excessive thirst)

3. Polyphagia (increase hunger)

4. Fatigue

5. Blurred vision

6. Slow wound healing

S/S of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

Increase thirst

Polyuria

Fruity breath

Warm, dry skin

Confusion

S/S of hypoglycemia (Low blood sugar)

Sweating

Shakiness

Excessive Hunger

Irritability

Headache

Confusion

Tremors

Cold, clammy skin

What is glucose testing/RBG testing

A type of test used to measure the amount of glucose in the body

What are common purposes of RBG testing

1. To monitor patient with diabetes mellitus

2. To identify high blood sugar or low blood sugar

3. To access a patient response to diabetes treatment

4. To report any abnormal results promptly to the nurse

Normal RBG values

70—140mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter)

Or

3.9—7.8 mmo/L (millimoles per liter)

What is insulin

A hormone that regulates the glucose level in the blood

Where does insulin come from

(Endocrine system) From the pancreas and artificial insulin comes from animal

Where should insulin be stored

Unopened vials should be stored in refrigerator (room temperature for about 28 days)

What temperature should insulin be stored

Between 2°C and 8°C (36°F-46°F)

Room temp (25°C-30°C or 77°F-87°F)

Whats the general term for where insulin is administered

Into the subcutaneous tissue (fatty layer just under the skin)

Parts of the body insulin can be administered

Upper outer thigh

Upper outer arm (biceps)

Abdominal region

Buttocks & hip region

S/S of hyperglycemia

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Blurred vision

Fatigue

Polyphagia

S/S of hypoglycemia

Shakiness

Sweating

Dizziness

Irritability

Confusion

Types of insulin

Rapid acting insulin (mealtime insulin)

Short acting insulin (regular insulin)

Intermediate acting insulin

Long acting insulin (the background insulin)

What Is rapid acting insulin

A fast working Medication that mimics the pancreas natural insulin release during meals

What is short acting insulin

A mealtime insulin that begins working in 30-60 minutes

What is intermediate insulin

A type of basal insulin designed to manage blood sugar levels for half a day or over night

What is long acting insulin

A type of slow release insulin designed to control your blood sugar levels for an entire day

When does rapid acting insulin start, reach it's peak and what's it's duration

Start: 15 minutes before or after meal

Strongest: 1-2 hrs after injection

Duration: 3-8hrs

When does short acting insulin start, reach it's peak and what's it's duration

Start: 30-60 minutes before meal

Strongest: 2-4hrs

Duration: 5-8hrs

When does intermediate acting insulin start, reach it's peak and what's it's duration

Start:1-3hrs (take once or twice a day)

Peak: 4-12hrs

Duration: 12-16hrs

When does long acting insulin start, reach it's peak and what's it's duration

Start: 1-2hrs (one or twice every day at the same time)

Peak: none

Duration: 20-24hrs (even up to 42hrs)

5 steps for insulin administration

1. Gather and prepare equipment

2. Prepare the dose

3. Select and clean the injection site

4. Administer the injection

5. Safe disposal

Where is urine form

Urine is formed when the kidneys filter the blood

(Glomerular filtration, tubular Reabsorption, Tubular secretion)

What does a normal urine contain

95% water 5% solute

Uric acid creatinine

Electrolytes urea

Urobilin

What is urea

A nitrogen waste product from protein break down

Whats Creatinine

A waste product from muscle breakdown

What's uric acid

A waste product from purin metabolism

Whats electrolytes

Ions, sodium(Na+), potassium (k+), chloride (cl-), phosphate (po³-4), sulfate(So²-4)

Whats uroblin

The pigment molecules that gives urine it's color

Normal characteristics of urine

Color: light yellow, Amber

Odor: mildly aromatic

pH: Mildly acidic (4.5-8.0) depending on diet or (6.0 average)

Specific gravity: 1.005-1.030

What is urinalysis

A diagnostics laboratory test to diagnose and monitor various medical condition.

List information that urinalysis can provide

Physical exam: color, odor, SG, turbid

Chemical reaction: glucose, protein, ketones, nitrites,pH

Microscopic exam: red blood cell, white blood cell, bacterial yeast

Other terms for urination

Micturition, voiding, emiction

What are micro organisms (microbes)

Incredibly tiny living things mostly single celled that are too small to see with the naked eye

Different types of organisms

Bacteria, Archaea, protist (protozoa, algae, slime molds), viruses sometimes Helminths (parasitic worms)

What are pathogens

Any organisms or biological agent that can produce disease in a host

Communicable disease

An illness caused by a specific infectious agent which can be transmitted directly or indirectly anything or anyone contaminated to susceptible host

Famites

Inanimate objects or materials that's contaminated and can indirectly transfer disease. (Passive vectors)

Bacteria

Single celled living microorganisms that can exist independently or inside a host

Virus

Non-living microscopic infectious agents containing genetic information (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a shell

Fungi

Organisms that live in the environment or on the body, which can cause infections when they overgrow or enter the body

Parasite

Organisms that live on or inside another organism for survival (protozoa, worms)

Non-communicable disease

Chronic, slow processing disease that aren't pass from person to person

Vaccination

Introducing vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease

Immunization

becoming protected against a specific disease through vaccination

Antibodies

Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigen

Direct contact

Person to person, skin to skin contact

Vertical

Mother to child

Droplet spread

Aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing or talking

Airborne transmission

Infection carried in dust or in the air

Fomite borne

Inanimate objects contaminated by an infected person

Vehicle borne

Contaminated materials acting as a medium

Vector borne

Ticks, fleas, insect or animals

Define standard precautions

The minimum infection prevention practices used for all patients in all health care setting

Universal precautions

Treating all human blood and certain bodily fluids as if they are infectious for blood borne pathogens

Chain of infection

Infectious agents (germs, pathogens)

Reservoir (where it lives)

Portal or exit (how it leaves)

Mode of transmission (how it travels)

Portal entry (how it enters)

Susceptible host (person at risk)

Microbes that cause disease

Pathogens

Where do pathogens live

Moist, dark, environment in which they have food and oxygen supply

When does infection occur

When pathogens invade the body and causes disease

What are useful microbes called

Non-pathogens

When does infection occur

When the chain of infection exists

Local infection

Confined to one area (boil)

Generalized infection

Chicken pox

Body flora

Different microbes live in and around our body flora (if transfer to a different body part it'll cause infections)

How does pathogens affect the body

It harms the body and disrupts bodily function causing abnormal reactions from the body

List ways in which the body protects itself against diseases

Skin Fever

Antibodies Reflex and movement (sneeze, cough)

Immunologic memory enzyme and acid

List serious infections in healthcare facility

Tuberculosis Influenza

Diarrhea Shingles

MRSA and VRE SARS

What is MRSA and VRE

(MRSA) A staph germ that resist many antibiotics. (VRE) An intestinal germ that resist vancomycin a powerful antibiotic

What is tuberculosis

A serious bacteria infection that primarily attacks the lungs but can spread to other organs

What is diarrhea

The passage of three or more loose liquid stool per day

What are shingles

A painful rash caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus later in life

What is Influenza

A contagious respiratory illness caused by Influenza virus that affects the nose, throat and lungs

What is SARS

A viral respiratory illness caused by a corona virus

What are the signs and symptoms of MRSA and VRE

Swollen and painful red bumps on the skin

Warmth and pus or fluid drainage at the infection site

Fever and chills

What are the signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis

Persistent coughing often with blood or mucus

Drenching night sweats and fever

Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite

Fatigue and chest pain

What are the signs and symptoms of diarrhea

Frequent watery bowel movement

Abdominal cramps and bloating

Signs of dehydration

Nausea and sometimes fever

What are the signs and symptoms of shingles

A painful blistering rash that appears as a single stripe on one side of the body

Tingling, burning or itching sensation before the rash appears

Fever, headache and chills

What are the signs and symptoms of Influenza

Sudden onset of high fever and chills

Muscle or body ache and fatigue

Cough and sore throat

What are the signs and symptoms of SARS

High fever (100.4°F/38°C)

Dry, Non-productive cough

Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing

Headache, Chills and Muscle ache

how do you treat and prevent MRSA and VRE

Tre: Specificalized antibiotics that the bacteria are not yet resistant to

Pre: frequent hand hygiene, don't share personal items, ensure wounds are in clean and dry bandages

how do you treat and prevent tuberculosis

Tre: A combination of multiple antibiotics

Pre: good ventilation, infected individual wear mask, stay isolated for first week

how do you treat and prevent diarrhea

Rehydration using oral rehydration solution (ORS)

Frequent hand hygiene, drink clean water, follow proper food hygiene

how do you treat and prevent shingles

Antiviral medication

The shingrix vaccine

how do you treat and prevent Influenza

Rest, lots of fluid, fever refusing medication

Annual flu vaccine, frequent hand hygiene, avoid touching face, cover cough and sneeze

how do you treat and prevent SARS

IV fluid, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if respiratory failure occur

Strict isolation of infected individuals and quarantine of close contact, wear mask, disinfect surfaces

What is disease

Any changes from a healthy state

What is etiology

Cause of illness or abnormality

What are signs and symptoms

Sighs are things that can be seen by others by color or condition

Symptoms are felt by the patient

Acute disease

sudden, progress rapidly and last for a prescribed time then the person recover or die

Chronic disease

Any illness that is long lasting and requires ongoing medical care (incurable)

Diagnosis

The process of identifying and naming the disease which is done by the physician

Nosocomial infection

Any infection/illness caught within a facility

Medical asepsis

The practice spread of microbes