EOC STUDY GUIDE

Growth and Development

Organisms grow over time. Ex:tadpole to a frog, tree growing taller

Reproduction

New organisms are created from parents. Sexual and asexual reproduction. Ex:a new baby giraffe is born

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment. Ex. when you go outside on a hot day your body sweats to cool down

Obtain and Use Materials and Energy

Organisms require materials and energy to grow, develop, and reproduce. Ex:plant absorbs water from soil, cow eating hay

Made of Cells

Cells are the smallest unit of life, all organisms are composed of one or more cells. Ex:a botanist looks at plant cell from Elodea

Response to the Environment

Organisms have to detect and respond to stimulus in their environment. Ex:plants growing towards a light, making a face when eating something bitter

Universal Genetic Code

Organisms store all information needed to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code. Ex:Genetic information is stored in DNA

As a group they evolve

Species change and adapt to their environment over generations. Ex:flightless birds, antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Mitosis

Nucleus divides forming 2 identical daughter cells, creates somatic cells

Cytokinesis

Separation of cytoplasm, cell membrane, and organelles forming 2 cells

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell replication leading to tumor development

Cell Differentiation

Process where cells become specialized, starting as stem cells

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Describes cell's space compared to surroundings, calculated by dividing surface area by volume

Haploid vs

Haploid has 1 copy of each chromosome, diploid has 2; e.g., sperm (haploid) and body cells (diploid)

Meiosis

Produces sex cells (sperm or egg), 4 cells per parent cell

Prophase I vs

Prophase I pairs homologous chromosomes, forms tetrads, and allows crossing over

Mitosis vs

Mitosis creates 2 diploid cells in 1 division for body cells; Meiosis creates 4 haploid cells in 2 divisions for sex cells

Crossing Over

Exchange of chromosome portions, occurs in Meiosis during Prophase I

Sexual vs

Sexual involves 2 parents, slower but creates genetic diversity; Asexual involves 1 parent, faster but lacks genetic diversity

Genetics

Study of inheritance patterns and variation in organisms

Inheritance

Passing genetic information from parent to offspring

Gene

DNA region encoding function, typically for a specific protein

Allele

Different gene versions

Dominant vs

Dominant shows in trait if present, recessive masked by dominant

Genotype

Individual's genetic makeup with alleles

Phenotype

Observable traits caused by expressed alleles

Homozygous vs

Homozygous has same alleles, heterozygous has different alleles

Pedigree

Genetic family tree showing trait inheritance

Sex-Linked Trait

Traits on sex chromosomes, often X chromosome

Carrier

Heterozygous individual for a trait, carries recessive allele without showing trait

Peptide bond

The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

Gene mutations

Changes occurring at a single point in the DNA sequence affecting a single gene and protein.

Chromosomal mutations

Changes over a large DNA region affecting multiple genes and proteins.

Silent mutation

A mutation that does not change the amino acid produced.

Missense mutation

A mutation changing the amino acid produced, affecting the protein.

Nonsense mutation

A mutation changing the code to a STOP codon, affecting the protein.

Frameshift mutation

A mutation changing the amino acid sequence and subsequent amino acids, affecting the protein.

Silent mutation impact

Least impact on the protein as it does not change the amino acid sequence.

Natural selection

Process where nature selects traits favoring survival to reproduction.

Homologous structures

Similar structures in different species due to common ancestry.

Analogous structures

Similar structures with different evolutionary origins but serving the same function.

Vestigial structure

Structure losing its original function in evolution, indicating common ancestry.

Biogeography

Study of species distribution supporting evolutionary processes.

Comparative embryology

Showing similarities in early developmental stages among species, supporting common ancestry.

Artificial selection

Selective breeding by humans for desirable traits in organisms.

Competitive Exclusion Principle

No two species can occupy the same niche; one will outcompete the other.

Community vs

Community is different populations interacting, while an ecosystem includes a community and abiotic factors.

Biotic Factors

Living factors like animal life, plant life, organism interactions, predator-prey relationships.

Abiotic Factors

Nonliving factors like climate, water availability, soil type, geology.

Chemical Pollution Impact

Can lead to organism death, nutrient content changes, interspecific competition.

Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration

Processes where products of one are reactants for the other in the carbon cycle.

Fossil Fuels & Carbon Cycle

Burning releases stored carbon into the atmosphere, increasing carbon levels.

Factors Affecting Population

Birth Rate, Immigration increase population; Death Rate, Emigration decrease it.

Exponential vs

Exponential is continuous growth, Logistical levels off at carrying capacity.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size sustainable by an environment.

Density Dependent vs

Dependent affected by population density, Independent affect regardless.

Predator-Prey Relationship

Helps control populations through population fluctuations.

Human Population Growth

Currently displays exponential growth.

Technological Advancement & Demography

Increases carrying capacity through various advancements.

Succession

Environmental changes in an ecosystem occurring in predictable stages.

Primary vs

Primary in uncolonized areas, Secondary after a catastrophe.

Pioneer, Intermediate, Climax Community

Stages in succession from initial to mature ecosystem.

Human Impact on Succession

Can influence succession positively or negatively through various activities.