Chap. 23 - respiratory system

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

A) oropharynx

B) alveoli

C) larynx

D) trachea

E) bronchi

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

A) lower respiratory tract.

B) upper respiratory tract.

C) alveoli.

D) lungs.

E) bronchioles.

Large airborne particles are filtered by

A) the soft palate.

B) hairs in the nasal vestibule.

C) choanae.

D) the nasal sinuses.

E) the nasopharynx.

The conchae

A) provide an opening into the pharynx.

B) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.

C) provide a surface for the sense of smell.

D) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.

E) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except

A) warming the air.

B) acting as a resonating chamber in speech.

C) humidifying the air.

D) acting as a damping chamber when coughing.

E) filtering the air.

The openings to the nostrils are the

A) external nares.

B) internal nares.

C) conchae.

D) nasal apertures.

E) vestibules.

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

A) nasopharynx.

B) conchae.

C) nasal septum.

D) internal chamber.

E) vestibule.

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the

A) laryngopharynx.

B) nasopharynx.

C) aeropharynx.

D) internal pharynx.

E) oropharynx

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

A) trachea.

B) glottis.

C) pharynx.

D) vestibule.

E) larynx.

The auditory tubes open into the

A) nasopharynx.

B) oropharynx.

C) nasal cavity.

D) larynx.

E) laryngopharynx.

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

A) nasal cavity.

B) laryngopharynx.

C) larynx.

D) nasopharynx.

E) oropharynx.

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

A) nasopharynx

B) trachea

C) larynx

D) oropharynx

E) nasal cavity

The larynx contains ________ cartilages.

A) three unpaired

B) six paired

C) a total of nine

D) A, B, and C

E) a variable number of

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the

A) nasal cavity.

B) lips.

C) nose.

D) pharynx.

E) paranasal sinuses.

The glottis is

A) the opening to the pharynx.

B) part of the hard palate.

C) the opening to the larynx.

D) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate.

E) a flap of elastic cartilage.

The vocal folds are located within the

A) bronchi.

B) nasopharynx.

C) oropharynx.

D) larynx.

E) trachea.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

A) cuneiform cartilage.

B) cricoid cartilage.

C) corniculate cartilage.

D) thyroid cartilage.

E) epiglottis.

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

A) arytenoid

B) cricoid

C) epiglottic

D) cuneiform

E) thyroid

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

A) arytenoid

B) cricoid

C) cuneiform

D) corniculate

E) epiglottis

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.

A) corniculate

B) cuneiform

C) cricothyroid

D) innominate

E) arytenoid

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.

A) cuneiform

B) vestibular

C) corniculate

D) epiglottic

E) thyroid

The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n)

A) catheterization.

B) tracheostomy.

C) intubation.

D) trachectomy.

E) tunnelization.

The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the

A) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

B) extrinsic ligaments.

C) cricothyroid ligament.

D) vestibular folds.

E) intrinsic ligaments.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

A) pharyngeal septum.

B) cribriform plate.

C) internal nares.

D) hard palate.

E) soft palate.

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

A) ventricular folds.

B) vocal folds.

C) intrinsic ligaments.

D) extrinsic ligaments.

E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

A) ululation.

B) whistling.

C) speech.

D) articulation.

E) phonation.

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages.

B) extrinsic ligaments.

C) contraction of laryngeal muscles.

D) A and C only

E) A, B, and C

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

A) is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

B) contains many mucous glands

C) is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages

D) alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system

E) is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

A) alveolar duct.

B) trachea.

C) bronchus.

D) laryngopharynx.

E) bronchiole.

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

A) lobules of the lungs.

B) lobes of the lungs.

C) alveoli.

D) lungs.

E) alveolar ducts.

They branch from the trachea at the carina.

A) tertiary bronchi

B) secondary bronchi

C) alveolar ducts

D) terminal bronchioles

E) primary bronchi

The following is a list of some airways.

1. secondary bronchus

2. bronchioles

3. alveolar ducts

4. primary bronchus

5. respiratory bronchiole

6. alveoli

7. terminal bronchiole

The order in which air passes through is

A) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6.

B) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6.

C) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.

D) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.

E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6.

The interlobular septa divide the lungs into

A) pulmonary lobules.

B) alveolar sacs.

C) vital capacity and residual volume.

D) lobes.

E) visceral pleura and fibrous trabeculae.

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

A) simple squamous epithelium.

B) surfactant cells.

C) moist cuboidal epithelium.

D) ciliated squamous epithelium.

E) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

A) pleural spaces.

B) alveoli.

C) terminal bronchioles.

D) bronchioles.

E) interlobular septa.

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

A) surfactant cells.

B) ciliated squamous epithelium.

C) moist cuboidal epithelium.

D) simple squamous epithelium.

E) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

A) inversely proportional to pressure.

B) inversely proportional to temperature.

C) directly proportional to pressure.

D) directly proportional to temperature.

E) both A and B

Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

A) sternocleidomastoid

B) pectoralis minor

C) serratus anterior

D) scalenes

E) all of the above

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).

A) serratus anterior

B) external intercostal

C) scalene

D) internal intercostal

E) diaphragm

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

A) the volume of the thorax decreases.

B) the volume of the lungs decreases.

C) the lungs shrink.

D) expiration occurs.

E) the volume of the thorax increases.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

A) accessory muscle of inspiration

B) contraction increases airway resistance

C) primary muscle of inspiration

D) accessory muscle of expiration

E) affects lung compliance

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

A) utilization of oxygen.

B) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.

D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.

E) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

A) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

B) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.

C) movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

D) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

E) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

B) supply oxygen to the blood.

C) remove air from dead air space.

D) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.

E) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation

Henry's law states that

A) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

D) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

E) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

Dalton's law states that

A) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

B) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

C) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

D) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

E) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

A) 50 mm Hg.

B) 100 mm Hg.

C) 45 mm Hg.

D) 40 mm Hg.

E) 70 mm Hg.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

A) 50 mm Hg.

B) 45 mm Hg.

C) 70 mm Hg.

D) 100 mm Hg.

E) 40 mm Hg.

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

A) 40 mm Hg.

B) 100 mm Hg.

C) 45 mm Hg.

D) 70 mm Hg.

E) 50 mm Hg.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

A) 45 mm Hg.

B) 35 mm Hg.

C) 70 mm Hg.

D) 55 mm Hg.

E) 100 mm Hg.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

A) external respiration.

B) internal respiration.

C) breathing.

D) pulmonary ventilation.

E) cellular respiration.

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated

with oxygen.

A) 50

B) 10

C) 25

D) 75

E) more than 90

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

A) dissolved in plasma.

B) in ionic form as solute in the plasma.

C) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.

D) bound to hemoglobin.

E) carried by white blood cells.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

A) carbaminohemoglobin.

B) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

C) solute dissolved in the plasma.

D) carbonic acid.

E) bicarbonate ions.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

A) carbon dioxide.

B) bicarbonate ion.

C) hemoglobin.

D) oxygen.

E) sodium ion.

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

A) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.

B) decrease the rate of breathing.

C) decrease the vital capacity.

D) decrease pulmonary ventilation.

E) increase the rate of breathing.

The term hypercapnia refers to

A) an increase in pH.

B) elevated PO2.

C) elevated PCO2.

D) labored breathing.

E) the cessation of breathing.

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center.

A) apneustic

B) expiratory

C) inspiratory

D) pneumotaxic

E) both A and C

Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

A) expiratory

B) chemoreceptor

C) apneustic

D) baroreceptor

E) pneumotaxic

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

A) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern.

B) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla.

C) prolongs inspiration.

D) modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

E) both B and C

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following,

except

A) the precentral motor gyrus.

B) Broca's center.

C) the hypothalamus.

D) cortical association areas.

E) the limbic system.

The Hering-Breuer reflex

A) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.

B) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.

C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes.

D) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes.

E) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure.

Which of the following systems is (are) responsible for elimination of CO2 as waste?

A) respiratory

B) digestive

C) urinary

D) all of the above

E) A and B only

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

A) respiratory mucosa.

B) internal respiratory tract.

C) upper respiratory tract.

D) alveoli of the respiratory tract.

E) lower respiratory tract.

A mucosa consists of

A) an epithelium.

B) an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

C) stratified squamous cells.

D) both A and B

E) both B and C

Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium

A) Staphylococcus aureus.

B) Vancomycin-resistant streptococcus.

C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

D) Clostridium difficile.

E) both A and C

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European

descent.

A) Cystic fibrosis

B) Congestive heart failure

C) Parkinson's disease

D) MRSA

E) Myasthenia gravis

The respiratory defense system is important because it

A) keeps out debris.

B) helps warm the air.

C) keeps out pathogens.

D) helps filter the air.

E) all of the above

________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and

paranasal sinuses.

A) Exposure to noxious stimuli

B) Exposure to allergens

C) Exposure to unpleasant stimuli

D) Exposure to debris or pathogens

E) all of the above

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

A) right mainstem bronchus

B) windpipe

C) trachea

D) pharynx

E) esophagus

The laryngeal cartilage not composed of hyaline cartilage is the

A) epiglottis.

B) corniculate.

C) cricoid.

D) arytenoid.

E) thyroid.

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

A) soft palate.

B) hard palate.

C) internal nares.

D) pharyngeal septum.

E) cribriform plate.

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

A) 1.0 cm; 15-20

B) 2.5 cm; 15-20

C) 1.0 cm; 10-15

D) 2.5 cm; 40-50

E) none of the above

An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause

suffocation is known as

A) laryngospasm.

B) laryngitis.

C) strep throat.

D) acute epiglottitis.

E) acute pharyngitis.

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

A) right primary

B) right secondary

C) left secondary

D) left primary

E) A and B are equal

The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.

A) three lobes; three lobes

B) two lobes; three lobes

C) three lobes; two lobes

D) two lobes; two lobes

E) none of the above

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

A) base.

B) epipleurium.

C) apex.

D) cardiac notch.

E) hilus.

Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.

A) extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi

B) intrapulmonary bronchi; lobar bronchi

C) lobar bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.

A) 10,000 B) 1500 C) 100,000 D) 3000 E) 6500

Collectively, the layers through which the respiratory gases diffuse are known as the

A) alveolar-capillary membrane.

B) macrophages-basement membrane.

C) pleural-basement membrane.

D) pulmonary-basement membrane.

E) Type I epithelium.

Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation

A) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.

B) causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and constrict.

C) increases minute volume.

D) A and B only

E) A, B, and C

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

A) less resistance to flow.

B) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

C) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.

D) it combines olfaction with respiration.

E) it dries out the mouth.

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the

opposing pleural surfaces is known as

A) emphysema.

B) asthma.

C) pleurisy.

D) COPD.

E) pulmonary hypertension.

A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery.

A) blood clots

B) air bubbles

C) masses of fat

D) A or C only

E) A, B, and C

Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for

A) PCO2.

B) pH.

C) PO2.

D) all of the above

E) both A and C

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is

A) torr.

B) cm H2O.

C) mm Hg.

D) psi.

E) A, B, or C are equally favored

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric

pressure is that

A) they are equal.

B) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.

C) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

D) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

E) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.

The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural

space.

A) pleurisy

B) emphysema

C) pneumonia

D) pneumothorax

E) pulmonary edema

Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.

A) costal breathing; diaphragmatic

B) eupnea; costal breathing

C) diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea

D) costal breathing; eupnea

E) eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing

________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to

assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and

sometimes abdominal muscles too.

A) Eupnea

B) Costal breathing

C) Forced breathing

D) Vital breathing

E) both A and B

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory

cycle.

A) Expiratory reserve volume

B) Tidal volume

C) Residual volume

D) Inspiratory reserve volume

E) Inspiratory capacity

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

A) Expiratory reserve volume

B) Inspiratory capacity

C) Enhanced tidal volume

D) Inspiratory reserve volume

E) Residual inhaled volume

Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden

drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem.

A) helium

B) nitrogen

C) oxygen

D) carbon dioxide

E) an unknown

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.

A) 20
B) 75
C) 50
D) 10
E) 30

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is

A) pulmonary embolism.

B) emphysema.

C) anoxia.

D) COPD.

E) pneumothorax.

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of

alveoli is

A) anoxia.

B) COPD.

C) respiratory distress syndrome.

D) pneumothorax.

E) pulmonary embolism.

Asthma is

A) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

B) a collapsed lung.

C) an obstructive tumor.

D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.

E) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A) contraction increases airway resistance

B) primary muscle of inspiration

C) affects lung compliance

D) accessory muscle of expiration

E) accessory muscle of inspiration

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

A) large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

B) it facilitates turning of the head.

C) large masses of air can pass through the trachea.

D) A, B, and C

E) A and B only

Boyle's Law of Gases states that

A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal.

B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up.

C) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.

D) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

E) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure.