A BRIEF BACKGROUND ABOUT SOUTHEAST ASIA (PPT LECTURE OF MAEM)

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46 Terms

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“Shadows of Empires” by CNA Insider

This documentary echoes the idea of Emmerson that Southeast Asia is an invented concept

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Imperial flag

The absence of ________ mean nothing

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  1. Politics of Identity

  2. Divide and Conquer

Colonizers assigned southeast asian their national identities 1. ________

pit one country or culture against another 2. ________

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Cultural acculturation

colonizers “civilized” southeast asian by using their “exotic” elements against them; even our concept of the modern state was something that the westerners imported to us.


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Glamorization of colonizers

  • amidst the surging reckoning of colonial history in the US and Europe (toppling of statues, cancel culture); whitewashing and sanitation of colonization (“not only erases the past but also forgives it”)

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Five Sub-Regions of Asia

  • East Asia

  • South Asia

  • West Asia

  • Central Asia

  • Southeast Asia

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  1. East Asia

  2. West Asia (Middle East Before)

  3. Southeast Asia

  1. China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Mongolia

  2. Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, State of Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

  3. Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Laos, Indonesia, Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia and Timor-Leste (the only non-ASEAN member)

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  1. Central Asia

  2. South Asia

  1. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

  2. India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives

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  1. Asia

  2. 60%

  • ________ is the largest continent; it covers 30% of the earth’s land area. There are seven (7) continents:

  • The most populous continent, where ________ of the entire global population reside

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Mountains

  • The Ural Mountain

  • Caucasus Mountain

Seas

  • The Caspian

  • Black Seas.

Asia is Divided from Europe to the West by

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Arctic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.

it is also bordered by the great Oceans

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Five (5) major physical regions of Asia

  1. Mountain systems

  2. Plateaus 

  3. Plains, Steppes and Deserts

  4. Freshwater environments

  5. Saltwater environments

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Mountain systems

Himalayas Mountain

  1. Northernmost belt or Great Himalayas

  2. Tien Shan Mountain

  3. Ural Mountain

so vast that they are composed of three different mountain belts._________ separating the Indian subcontinent from Asia. Covers more than 612,000 square kilometers (236,000 square miles), passing through the northern states of India and making up most of the terrain of Nepal and Bhutan.

  1. _________This belt includes the highest mountain summit in the world, Mount Everest, which stands at 8,850 meters (29,035 feet).

  2. _________ stretches for about 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles), straddling the border between Kyrgyzstan and China.

    • The name _________means “Celestial Mountains” in Chinese.

  3. _________run for approximately 2,500 kilometers (1,550 miles) in an indirect north-south line from Russia to Kazakhstan. These are some of the world’s oldest, at 250 million to 300 million years old.

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Plateaus

  1. Iranian Plateau

  2. Deccan Plateau

  3. Tibetan Plateau

  • __________areas of relatively level high ground.

  1. _________encompassing most of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The plateau is not uniformly flat, but contains some high mountains and low river basins.

  2. _________ makes up most of the southern part of India. It is bordered by three mountain ranges

    • The plateau and its main waterways—the Godavari and Krishna rivers—gently slope toward the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal

  3. _________is usually considered the largest and highest area ever to exist in history.

    • Known as the “Rooftop of the World,” the plateau covers an area about half the size of the contiguous United States.

    • The ice and snow from these glaciers feed Asia’s largest rivers. 

    • Approximately 2 billion people depend on the rivers fed by the plateau’s glaciers. 

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Plains, Steppes and Deserts

  1. West Siberian Plain

  2. Mongolia Plain

  3. Rub’ al Khali desert

Plains, Steppes and Deserts

  1. ___________located in central Russia, is considered one of the world’s largest areas of continuous flatland. The plain contains some of the world’s largest swamps and floodplains

  2. ___________can be divided into different steppe zones: the mountain forest steppe, the arid steppe, and the desert steppe.

    • These zones transition from the country’s mountainous region in the north to the Gobi Desert on the southern border with China.

  3. __________onsidered the world’s largest sand sea, covers an area larger than France across Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

    • known as the Empty Quarter because it is virtually inhospitable to humans except for Bedouin tribes that live on its edges

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Freshwater environments

  1. Lake Baikal

  2. Yangtze River

  3. Tigris and Euphrates

  1. _________ located in southern Russia, is the deepest lake in the world, reaching a depth of 1,620 meters (5,315 feet).

    • contains 20 percent of the world’s unfrozen freshwater, making it the largest reservoir on Earth. It is also the world’s oldest lake, at 25 million years old.

  2. _________is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world (behind the Amazon of South America and the Nile of Africa).

    Considered the lifeblood of China.

  3. _________begin in the highlands of eastern Turkey and flow through Syria and Iraq, joining in the city of Qurna, Iraq, before emptying into the Persian Gulf.

    • Land between the two rivers, known as including Sumer and the Mesopotamia, was the center of the earliest civilizations, the Akkadian Empire.

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Saltwater environments

  1. Persian Gulf

  2. Bay of Bengal

  3. Sea of Okhotsk

  1. ________It borders Iran, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Iraq.

    • The gulf is subject to high rates of evaporation, making it shallow and extremely salty.

    • Contains an estimated 50 percent of the world’s oil reserves. have engaged in a number of disputes over this rich resource.

  2. _________ is the largest bay in the world, bordering Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Burma. Many large rivers, including the Ganges and Brahmaputra, empty into the bay.

  3. _________ between the Russian mainland and the Kamchatka Peninsula.

    • The sea is largely frozen between October and March.

    • Large ice floes make winter navigation almost impossible.

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1.

  • The Nile 

  • The Indus and Ganges civilization 

  • The Yangtze civilization

  1. Fertile Crescent

Asia is Home to the world’s earliest civilizations those are ________,__________ and __________.

  1. ___________is considered the birthplace of agriculture.

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Political geography

is the internal and external relationships between a continent’s various governments, citizens, and territories. Asian governments and citizens have created and responded to political and social change in ways that have profoundly affected these relationships at both the local and international level.

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Israel vs Palestine et al

The Levant (religious-political crisis):

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Colonization of Southeast Asia: 

  • China, Japan;

  • Europe

  • US and Japan

  • Dutch and British

  • Spanish and Portuguese;

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India

Current Issue

  • can it be a counter-force to China?

    • Service industry and telecommunications

    • Two Indias: the growing divide between the rich and the poor

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China

Current Issue 

  • emergence as a superpower

    • Unprecedented growth due to manufacturing and export of goods

    • The flip side: how _______emergence is both good and bad for the region

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Climate Change

  • Future Issues

    __________

  • Asia’s increased development has negatively affected the environment

    • The extreme loss of forest cover in Southeast Asia due to overharvesting of timber threatens the region’s economy and biodiversity, as well as the world’s carbon budget

    • Rising sea levels, flooding

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Mainland Southeast Asia

Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

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Island zones:

Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Timor-Leste)

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Southeast Asia

  • Temperate climate

  • Was the center of the spice war in the age of discovery

  • Reliable wind patterns (moonson) made Southeast Asia the ideal meeting place for trade between India and China

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Features of mainland Southeast Asia:

  1. long rivers

  2. extensive plains

  3. long coastlines

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Features of island Southeast Asia:

Travel by sea rather than by land; shallow, warm oceans make for ideal environment for fish, coral, seaweeds; several active volcanoes and vulnerability to earthquake activity (ring of fire) 

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Linguistic diversity:

1,000 of the world’s 6,000 languages are in SEA

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Adaptive abilities:

SEA peoples adapt remarkably fast and well to their environment

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Delineation of borders

___________between and among nations is ambiguous, thus sometimes leading to border disputes, both in land and sea territories (ie SCS/WPS, Thai-Cambodia) 

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Haphazard Border Demarcation

was also a factor that made possible foreign invasion into SEA countries, ie Japanese and other foreign powers during WWII

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

__________has tried hard to manage these conflicts, the organization’s lack of muscle and the region’s diversity is still posing challenges to the peaceful resolution of these conflicts

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  1. Mekong River

  2. China

  3. Divide and Conquer

The conflicting interests are also problematic, i.e Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia etc. agreements on the 1.__________ with 2. _______ instead of adopting a common stand within SEA;

  1. __________being the strategy employed by China

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Thailand (Bangkok)

  • mountainous borders have shielded it from hostile invasion, its vulnerability to Cambodia is managed by peace agreements between the 2 nations, thus making Thailand, esp Bangkok, a strong, centralized state, never having been completely conquered by any foreign occupier 

    • Lack of border disputes with China, a close relationship with the US has positioned Thailand as a potential counter-weight to China’s dominance in the SEA region

  • Borderlands are populated by ethnic minorities that have been largely forgotten or neglected by their governments (see art of not being governed)

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Vietnam (Hanoi)

is positioning itself as a possible countermeasure to China by aligning with Japan, Russia and even the US.

  • Having won in different armed conflicts against French,Chinese and US, Vietnamese geopolitical mindset shifted by its confidence and its determination to its independence.

  • Crossing the small and narrow Annamite Range is hard for them in terms of trades and travels to their two separated heartlands which is Hanoi and Saigon, which are divided in cultural,political, social.

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Cambodia (Phnom Pehn)

  • (poorest ASEAN state) on the other hand allies itself with China out of financial considerations, ie underdevelopment due to its violent past 

    • Even goes against its ASEAN neighbors to side with China in the SCS/WPS dispute

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Laos (Vientiane)

  • the only landlocked ASEAN state

    • Weak central government, with several state challengers

    • Supposedly neural but rapidly turning into a Chinese client-state like Cambodia, primarily due to strong economic dependence on China 

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Myanmar (Naypyidaw)

Some southeast Asian countries ally with China, others with the West while a few chosen to stand on their own

  • Its long history with military dictatorship and its fragile state today

  • Before the Feb. 1, 2021 coup by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar’s military), Myanmar’s prominent crisis was that which involved the Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingyas,

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  1. 25,000

  2. Philippines

  • Maritime Southeast Asia (Malay Archipelago): the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore

    1. _______ how many islands ranging from the large-sized ones (Mindanao, Luzon, Java, Sumatra, etc) to the tiniest islands

    2. Only the ________ is vulnerable to typhoons and hurricanes but most if not all have active volcanoes

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  1. Indonesia (Jakarta)

  2. Timor Leste (Dili)

1._________Ironically maritime countries with no strong navy forces

  • the embodiment of Southeast Asia’s potentials and shortcomings; 4th most populous in the world, single largest muslim-dominated country; its size can be a liability, and its lack of political unity the main geopolitical problem

    2.__________ gain its independence in 1999 and

  • A common problem between Indonesia and the Philippines is the lack of capacity to patrol its long coastlines

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Philippines (Manila)

  • Northern parts are richer and stronger while the southern parts are poor and weaker

    • Constantly in the middle of a tug-of-war between China and the US in terms of regional balance of power ie WPS/SCS

  • We are in the middle of a proxy war between China and the United States

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Brunei (Bandar Seri Begawan)

  • Relative seclusion has allowed the state to develop but its main resource may be running out

    • Might need to redirect its economy within 2 decades and China has already started its influence.

    • depending on the export of hydrocarbon resources which is expected to run out.

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Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)

  • Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo a unique geographic postion

  • Proximity to the Malaccas Strait has contributed to its development

  • China emerging as a regional threat due to its great knowledge of and willingness to exploit Southeast Asia’s weaknesses

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Singapore (Singapore)

  • Alliances with western powers have equipped the state with strong naval and air force power

  • Its geographic position, between the SCS and the Malacca strait, has transformed its economy but  small size a liability

  • Could possibly align with the US against China