human bio unit test

What effect does exercise have on bones?

Exercise strengthens bones and increases bone density, helping prevent bone loss.

What type of exercise helps prevent bone loss?

Weight-bearing exercise.

What does anterior mean?

Front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Back of the body.

What does superior mean?

Above.

What does inferior mean?

Below.

What does medial mean?

Toward the center of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the center of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the body.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the body.

What is one major function of the skeletal system?

It supports the body and gives it shape.

What skeletal function protects organs?

The skeleton protects vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs.

How does the skeletal system help with movement?

It works with muscles to enable movement.

What does the skeletal system produce and store?

It produces blood cells and stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

What does arthritis affect?

Joints.

What is acromegaly?

A condition that causes enlarged bones.

What do kyphosis and lordosis affect?

The curvature of the spine.

What are spina bifida and cleft palate?

Birth defects.

How is leukemia related to bone marrow?

Leukemia affects bone marrow and may require a red bone marrow transplant.

What is endochondral ossification?

The process of bone forming from cartilage.

What invades the cartilage during endochondral ossification?

Blood vessels.

What eventually replaces cartilage in endochondral ossification?

Bone.

What allows bones to grow longer?

Growth plates.

Where is the mental foramen located?

In the mandible.

What passes through the mental foramen?

Nerves and blood vessels that supply the lower lip and chin.

What are long bones?

Bones that are longer than they are wide.

Give an example of a long bone.

Femur (also radius or tibia).

What are short bones?

Cube-shaped bones.

Where are short bones found?

Wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals).

What are flat bones?

Thin, flat bones.

Give an example of a flat bone.

Sternum, ribs, or skull.

What are irregular bones?

Bones with complex shapes.

Give an example of an irregular bone.

Vertebrae or facial bones.

What are sesamoid bones?

Bones embedded in tendons.

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

Patella.

What is a synarthrosis joint?

A joint that does not move.

What is an example of a synarthrosis?

Joint between the teeth and jaw.

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

A joint that allows slight movement.

Give an example of an amphiarthrosis joint?

Joints between vertebrae or ribs to sternum.

What is a diarthrosis joint?

A freely movable joint.

What type of joint is the knee?

Hinge joint.

What movement does a hinge joint allow?

Bending and straightening.

What type of joint allows rotation in the neck?

Pivot joint.

What type of joint allows movement in all directions?

Ball-and-socket joint.

Where is a ball-and-socket joint found?

Shoulder or hip.

What does a gliding joint allow?

Bones to slide over each other.

Where are gliding joints found?

Wrists, ankles, and between vertebrae.

What does an osteoblast do?

Builds new bone.

What does an osteoclast do?

Breaks down bone.

What does an osteocyte do?

Maintains bone tissue.

Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

What is the main function of the axial skeleton?

Protects vital organs.

Which bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

Arms, legs, shoulders, and hips.

What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

Allows movement.

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12.

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5.

How many fused sacral bones are there?

5.

How many fused coccygeal bones are there?

4.

What is the diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone.

What are epiphyses?

The ends of a long bone.

What covers a bone?

The periosteum.

What types of bone tissue are found in long bones?

Compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow