APHG Models

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Von Thünen’s Model (Agricultural Land Use)

Explains agricultural land use in relation to the market. Farmers choose crops based on distance from market:

• Perishable goods are grown closer to the market.
• Extensive farming occurs further out.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Describes urban land use in concentric rings around a central business district (CBD).

• Wealth increases with distance from the center.

Hoyt Sector Model

Suggests urban growth extends outward in wedges or sectors, usually along transportation routes.

Harris and Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model

Proposes cities develop with multiple centers (nuclei) for different activities, such as:

• Manufacturing
• Residential

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Shows population change over time based on:

• Birth rates
• Death rates
• Natural increase through 5 stages (from pre-industrial to post-industrial).

Epidemiologic Transition Model

Explains changes in causes of death as countries develop, linked to DTM stages.

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus argued that:

• Population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically.
• This leads to inevitable famine unless population is checked.

Boserup Hypothesis

Opposes Malthus; Ester Boserup suggested that:

• Population pressure drives agricultural innovation to increase food production.

Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction

Predicts interaction between two places based on:

• Their size
• Distance; larger and closer places interact more.

Zelinsky’s Model of Migration Transition

Migration patterns change with a country’s level of development, closely linked to DTM stages.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

Five stages model explaining how countries develop economically, from:

• Traditional society to high mass consumption.

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

The world is divided into:

• Core regions
• Semi-periphery regions
• Periphery regions; explaining global inequality and economic connections.

Central Place Theory (Christaller)

Explains the distribution of services based on:

• Settlements serving as "central places" providing goods/services to surrounding areas.

Rank-Size Rule

In a country, the nth largest city will be:

1/n the size of the largest city; showing a predictable pattern in urban hierarchy.

Primate City Rule

When the largest city in a country is more than:

• Twice as large as the next largest, showing its dominance.

Bid-Rent Theory

Land prices decrease as distance from the CBD increases; different land users such as:

• Retail
• Residential
• Industrial are willing to pay different amounts.

Sector Model of Land Use

Urban land uses form sectors or wedges radiating out from a CBD along transportation routes.

Agricultural Hearths (Carl Sauer)

Sauer identified the origins (hearths) of agriculture in different regions, emphasizing the role of cultural landscapes.

Weber’s Least Cost Theory (Industrial Location)

Industries are located where costs (transport, labor, agglomeration) are minimized.

Hotelling’s Model of Locational Interdependence

Businesses locate close together to maximize access to the market, even if it seems counterintuitive.

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth

Identifies stages in U.S. urban growth based on transportation technology (e.g., sail-wagon, iron horse, steel rail, etc.).

Peripheral Model (Harris)

Describes post-industrial cities with:

• An inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway.

Urban Realms Model

Describes metropolitan areas as composed of self-sufficient "realms" linked together, showing suburban independence.

Gravity Model for Migration

Larger places attract more migrants, and closer places attract more migrants compared to farther ones.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• Stage 1 - High Stationary: Characterized by high birth and death rates, leading to a stable population with little natural increase. This stage is usually associated with pre-industrial societies.

• Stage 2 - Early Expanding: Birth rates remain high while death rates begin to decline due to improvements in healthcare and sanitation, resulting in significant population growth.

• Stage 3 - Late Expanding: Birth rates start to decline as a result of social changes (e.g., access to contraception, women's education), while death rates continue to fall, leading to continued population growth but at a slower rate.

• Stage 4 - Low Stationary: Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable population. This stage is characteristic of developed countries with advanced economies and high living standards.

• Stage 5 - Declining? Some theorists suggest a fifth stage in which birth rates fall below death rates