TPPAD TOPIC 1

Tourism Product

______ is a combination of tangible and intangible elements, such as natural, cultural and man-made resources, attractions, facilities, services and activities around a specific center of interest which represents the core of the destination marketing mix and creates an overall visitor experience including emotional aspects for the potential customers.

Tourism Product

 is priced and sold through distribution channels and it has a life-cycle.

• Attractions and Events Sector

• Destination Organization Sector

• Hospitality Sector

• Transport Sector

• Travel Organizers and Intermediaries Sector

The Tourism Industry is divided into 5 main sectors, in which the various tourism products may be found.

• Guest houses/bed & breakfast

• Farmhouses

• Apartments/villas/timeshare/ cottages

• Condominium/shared-use resorts

• Vacation village/holiday centres

• Conference/exhibition centres

• Static and touring caravan/camping sites

• Marinas

• Restaurants, inns, cafés

Five Main Sectors in Travel and Tourism

Hospitality sector

• Theme parks

• Museums & galleries

• National parks

• Wildlife parks

• Gardens

• Heritage sites & centres

• Sport/activity centres

• Themed restaurants/entertainment centres

• Festivals and events

Five Main Sectors in Travel and Tourism

Attractions and events sector

• Airlines

• Shipping lines/ferries

• Railways

• Bus/coach operators

• Car rental operators

Five Main Sectors in Travel and Tourism

Transport sector

• Travel e-retailers

• Tour wholesalers/brokers

• Retail travel agents

• Conference organizers (e.g., accommodation)

• Incentive travel organizers

Five Main Sectors in Travel and Tourism

Travel organizers’ and intermediaries’ sector

• National tourist offices (NTOs)

• Destination marketing organizations (DMOs)

• Provincial/state tourist offices

• Local tourist offices

• Tourist associations

Five Main Sectors in Travel and Tourism

Destination organization sector

Nature Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Exploring conservation areas by walking or riding in the forest, mountains, beaches, rivers, lakes, and the sea. Observing flora, fauna, waterfalls, caves, etc.

Experiential Cultural Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Living with native communities, participating in daily life activities and cultural events like music, dance, arts, and religious rites.

Agri-Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Visiting rural communities to engage in agricultural production, livestock, and traditional handicrafts other traditional agricultural activities.

Historical Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Visiting monuments, sculptures, architecture, religious artifacts, archaeological sites, and museums.

Health and Wellness Tourism

Traveling for fitness, disease prevention, wellness treatments, and alternative therapies, new age remedies and alternative treatments to alleviate types of stress. Participation in rituals and treatments with healers and shamans.

Medical Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Traveling internationally to obtain health care for curative purposes.

Religious Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Also known as faith tourism, it involves travel for pilgrimage, missionary work, and other religious purposes.

Sports Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Includes recreational fishing, hunting, and sports requiring specialized training like canoeing, climbing, and rappelling.

Scientific Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Observing flora, fauna, geology, and local knowledge and application in conservation efforts.

Family Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Family-friendly destinations with facilities like play areas, kiddie meals, and stroller access, provision for diaper change, areas for nursing mothers. Places like theme parks, beach destinations, shopping areas.

Gap Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

“Gap years” travel, often taken between school and work or during life transitions. Includes backpacking and budget-conscious trips.

Honeymoon Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Focused on luxury and intimacy.

Dark Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Visiting sites related to slavery, genocide, and death.

Doom Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

“The end” of a destination a “last chance” to witness extraordinary circumstances such as glaciers, ice caps of mount kilimanjaro, great barrier reef of australia. Traveling to destinations at risk of disappearing, like glaciers and coral reefs.

Ecotourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Promoting environmental and cultural awareness while supporting conservation. To provide positive experience for tourist and hosts with direct financial benefits to community and financial benefits.

Adventure or Extreme Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Engaging in life-threatening activities like BASE jumping, wingsuit flying, and extreme sports.

Festival Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Hallmark events of a locality: such as fiestas, indigenous celebrations

Heritage Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Philippine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, locally identified, sites that display a locality's history and heritage.

Cruise Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Tours on cruise liners

Rural Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

All tourism activities that take place in the rural areas, smple lifestyle, idyllic, homestay programs, local gastronomy (organic food source)

Urban Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Tourism that takes place in the cities; attractions such as museums, buildings, plazas, shopping malls, clubs and universities, to name a few

Poorism, Slum, Ghetto Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Places that suffer from deprivation; "Voluntourism" normally takes place in areas like these.

Cultural Tourism

Categories of Tourism Products (ILO, 2012)

Buildings, paintings, music, song, dance, food, religion, languages, traditions, events.

Destination Cycle

The idea that destinations experience a predictable evolution is embodied in the concept of the ________.

Destination Cycle

This theory, to the extent that it is demonstrated to have widespread relevance to the real world, is of great interest to tourism managers, who would then know where a particular destination is positioned within the cycle at a given point in time and what implications this has for the future if no intervention is undertaken.

Butler’s model has intuitive appeal

in that anyone who has traveled extensively or who has conducted tourism research will agree that some kind of cyclical dynamic is indeed evident in most destinations.

Exploration Stage

BUTLER'S TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE

Is characterized by very small numbers of visitors who are dispersed throughout the destination and remain for an extended period of time.

Involvement Stage

BUTLER'S TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE

Is associated with strongly positive community attitudes toward tourism.

Development Stage

BUTLER'S TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE

Is characterized by rapid tourism growth and dramatic changes over a relatively short period of time in all aspects of the tourism sector.

Consolidation Stage

BUTLER'S TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE

Involves a decline in the growth rate of visitor arrivals and other tourism-related activity, although the total amount of activity continues to increase.

Stagnation Stage

BUTLER'S TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE

Is where peak visitor numbers and levels of associated facilities, such as available accommodation units, are attained.

Decline Stage

BUTLER'S TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE

Where the destination will eventually experience either an upturn or a downturn in its fortunes or Rejuvenation where it is almost always accompanied by the introduction of entirely new tourism products, or at least the radical reimaging of the existing product, as a way of recapturing the destination's competitive advantage and sense of uniqueness.

Stakeholders

• A person with an interest or concern in something, especially a business.

Stakeholders

• Denoting a type of organization or system in which all the members or participants are seen as having an interest in its success.

Stakeholders

• Major project or endeavor

Stakeholders

• Any entity with a declared or conceivable interest or stake in a policy concern.

• Can be any form, size, and capacity – individuals, organizations, or unorganized groups.

• _______ can influence or be influenced by actions, decisions, policies, practices, and goals of an organization or any major project or endeavor.

Active Participation

comes from those who know that they operate within and provide a service to the tourism industry sectors—accommodations, attractions, destination, transport, and intermediaries.

Passive Participants

are those who provide an indirect or supplementary service to the industry. They are those who benefit from tourism’s economic multiplier effect: the food suppliers, the laundromats, the local transportation system, the shops, among others.

• The Tourists as the consumers or customers

• Industries/businesses and members of the Private Sector as the suppliers

• The Hosts who the members of the local community and the resources of the environment

• The Public sector as the national and local government units

• The Non-Government Organizations as the non-profit sector

• The Academe as the education institutional support

TOURISM STAKEHOLDERS
The tourism stakeholders then refer to:

1.Public Sector

2.Private Sector / Industry

3.Hosts / Civil Society

4.Non-Government Organizations

5.Academe

6.Tourists

In the preceding diagram, the specific tourism stakeholders form a circular representation. However, these specific groups can still be classified under the main categories of stakeholders:

Public Sector

• The Local Government units both elected and career government employees

• Provincial governments

• Regional governments

• National government – DOT (spearheads the tourism planning process), DFA, BIR, BOI, DENR, DA, DOH, DOTr (CAAP, CAB, Marina, MIAA), DITC, DPWH, CHED, PIA, NDRRMC, etc.

• Foreign governments

• Destination Management Organizations (DMO’s = DOT)

Private Sector / Industry

• Travel agencies and tour operators

• Accommodation sector – Board and lodging (rooms and food and beverage)

• Transportation sector: land, air, and sea

• Attractions

• Activities

• MICE Operators

Hosts / Civil Society

• Local residents – community, residents

• Vulnerable groups – women and children, indigenous peoples

• People’s organizations / business organizations

• Natural and man-made resources and assets within the localities

Non-Government Organizations

• Foundations

• Funding agencies

• Environmentalists

• Historians

• Indigenous People and their advocates

Academe

• Educational institutions

• Researchers

• Students aspiring to be future tourism professionals.

Tourists

• Local

• Foreign

• Excursionists

• They are mandated BY LAW to participate

• Ensures the growth of the industry

• Avoid past mistakes

• Proper inventory of tourism assets and resources

• Boost local pride and sense of nationalism

• Establishes OWNERSHIP

• Lack of cooperation can hamper plans for development

• Happy stakeholders = good promotion of locality

RATIONALE FOR STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION

Foreign Governments

• Mutual understanding

• Foreign diplomacy

• Security for their citizen-tourists

• Investment opportunities

National Governments

• Foreign exchange

• Tax revenues

• More income opportunities for the community

• Employment for locals

• Large-scale infrastructure

Local Government Units (LGU)

• Tax revenues

• Infrastructure development

• Societal stability

The Industry / Private Sector

• Profit

• Business expansion

• Investments

• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Workers

• Equitable benefits

• Just wages

• Opportunities for learning and growth

Chamber of Commerce

• Civic projects

• “Position” in the community

Civil Society / NGOs

• Platform for causes: environmental protection, IP welfare

• Protection against social crimes (rape, prostitution, human trafficking)

Local Residents

• Improved quality and standard of living

• Job opportunities

• Use of infrastructure

• Can join the private sector

Indigenous People (IP)

• Livelihood opportunities

• Education

• Employment

• Protection of ancestral domain

• Wise use of natural resources

Women

• Protection against exploitation or debasement of their dignity

Academe

• Offering of tourism and hospitality programs

• Financial support for expansion of facilities and research

a high interest and vice versa.

STAKEHOLDERS’ LEVEL OF INTEREST

1. Stakeholders with a financial or career investment on what the business does: A high investment equals a ____________

Those who have no alternatives

STAKEHOLDERS’ LEVEL OF INTEREST

2. _____________________ will have more interest.

accountability; interest ; self-directed monitoring responsibilities

STAKEHOLDERS’ LEVEL OF INTEREST

3. The higher the _______, the higher the _______ of stakeholders and there will be more ___________.

social impact; level of interest

STAKEHOLDERS’ LEVEL OF INTEREST

4. The higher the _______ to business and community, the higher the ______.

Promoters

STRATEGIES TO HANDLE IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDER TYPES (Mendelow)

should be managed closely as they will be aggressive if their interests are not prioritized or met.

Defenders

STRATEGIES TO HANDLE IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDER TYPES (Mendelow)

keep them informed as they may not seek out the important or needed information actively, only those relevant to their cause.

Latents

STRATEGIES TO HANDLE IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDER TYPES (Mendelow)

keep them “satisfied” to lessen pursuits that may limit development efforts.

Apathetics

STRATEGIES TO HANDLE IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDER TYPES (Mendelow)

minimal effort, as they seem to “not care”. This requires loose monitoring.