Chapter 16 - Treatment

psychotherapy

talk therapy and insight therapy

insight therapy

helps people better understand the reasons for their behavior

guiding principles of psychological treatments

nonmaleficence, fidelity, integrity, and respect for people's rights and dignity

nonmaleficence

do no harm

fidelity

trust, faithfulness

integrity

accuracy and honesty

cultural humility

recognizing one's own biases and limitations

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client

eclectic therapy

therapeutic approach that draws upon techniques from different forms of therapy

psychodynamic therapy

reduce anxiety through reflection on patient's memories and feelings

client-centered/ humanistic therapy

enabling growth through unconditional positive regard, active listening, and reflecting the client's feelings

behavior therapy

using classical or operant conditioning to change behavior

cognitive therapy

train people to dispute negative thoughts

cognitive-behavioral therapy

train people to counter self-harmful thoughts and promote healthier thinking and behaviors

group and family therapy

attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind when prompted

interpretation

the therapist suggests meanings related to what the client talks about

dream analysis

the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors (ie marital issues)

conditions for growth-promoting environment

unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

genuineness

being open with feelings

empathy

sharing others' emotions

applied behavior analysis

the use of operant and classical conditioning principles to change behavior

token economy

people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for rewards

exposure therapy

treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

systematic desensitization

associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli (reduces phobias through counterconditioning)

virtual reality

a type of exposure therapy that treats anxiety by putting people in electronic simulations to safely face their fears

aversion therapy

exposing the patient to an unpleasant experience (foul smell, pain, etc) when engaging in an undesired behavior

cognitive restructuring

teaching clients to question the negative automatic beliefs and replace them with more positive ones

three core principles of cognitive behavior therapy

1. psychological problems are based on negative schemas

2. psychological problems are based on learned patterns of unhelpful behaviors

3. people with these problems can learn better ways of coping with them

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy where the therapist explains the client's errors in thinking

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

a form of cognitive therapy that focuses on regulating emotions

psychosurgery

brain surgery or lesioning

psychoactive medication

prescription drugs that alter mental functioning and alleviate psychological symptoms

deinstitutionalization

policy of moving individuals from large, long-stay psychiatric hospitals to community-based care settings

thorazine

antipsychotic medication that began deinstitutionalization

lobotomy

psychosurgery that severs the link between the frontal lobes and the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

antidepressants

target norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin to alleviate symptoms of depression

anti-anxiety drugs

increase levels of GABA to alleviate symptoms of anxiety

mood-stabilizing medications

treats bipolar disorder by reducing glutamate and increasing GABA

antipsychotic drugs

mainly treat schizophrenia, acts as a dopamine antagonist

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles and limbs, side effect of antipsychotics

TMS and rTMS

uses a magnetic coil to stimulate specific regions of the brain thought to be related to depression symptoms

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a last-resort treatment, involves a brief electrical stimulation of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia

deep brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes