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Acute stress
Short-term stress from recent or upcoming demands.
Addiction
Compulsive engagement in a substance or behavior despite negative consequences.
Adverse childhood experiences
Traumatic childhood events linked to long-term health problems.
BMI
A rough measure of body fat based on weight and height.
Cognitive appraisal
Personal interpretation of a situation and possible reactions.
Defensive pessimism
Setting low expectations in risky situations to prepare for failure.
Dispositional optimism
A general belief that good things will happen in the future.
Downward comparison
Comparing oneself to those worse off to feel better.
Emotion-focused coping
Managing stress by reducing emotional distress.
Episodic acute stress
Chronic, lifestyle-based stress from worry and disorganization.
Ghrelin
A hormone that stimulates hunger and regulates energy balance.
HPA Axis
Brain structures controlling the fight-or-flight response.
Leptin
A hormone that inhibits hunger and regulates energy balance.
Locus of control
Belief in personal control over life outcomes.
Obesity
Excessive body fat negatively affecting health.
Optimism bias
Belief that one is less likely to experience negative events than others.
Prevalence rate
The proportion of a population with a disorder at a given time.
Problem-focused coping
Addressing the root causes of stress directly.
Protective factors
Conditions that reduce the risk of mental disorders.
Risk factors
Conditions that increase the likelihood of mental disorders.
Self-efficacy
Confidence in one’s ability to succeed in tasks.
Upward comparison
Comparing oneself to those better off to gain motivation.
Vicarious reinforcement
Copying behaviors that others are rewarded for.
