chapter 6: lipids

what are the 3 elements in lipids?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what do lipids share the same 3 elements with?

carbohydrates

what are the dietary lipid sources?

triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

what are monoglycerides made of?

glycerol and a fatty acid

what are diglycerides made of?

glycerol and 2 fatty acids

what are triglycerides made of?

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

how many carbons do short chain fatty acids have?

less than 6

how many carbons do medium chain fatty acids have?

6-10

how many carbons do long chain fatty acids have?

11+

how are fatty acids classified?

degree of saturation

what does SFA stand for?

saturated fatty acid

what are saturated fatty acids?

fatty acids that only have single bonds

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

fatty acids joined by a double bond and has a gap between hydrogens

what does MUFA stand for?

monounsaturated fatty acids

what are monounsaturated fatty acids?

fatty acids that have one double bond

what are examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

omega 6 and omega 3

what is omega 6 fatty acids AKA?

linoleic acid

what is omega 3 fatty acids AKA?

alpha linolenic acid

which fatty acids are solid at room temperature?

SFA

which fatty acids are liquid at room temperature?

short chain fatty acids, MUFA, and PUFA

are unsaturated or saturated fats healthier?

unsaturated fats

what are trans fats?

fats that are partially hydrogenated; carries cardiovascular risk

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

what is a type of steroid?

cholesterol

what is the structure of cholesterol?

complex ring

what is cholesterol?

precursor to steroid hormones

what is cholesterol important for?

brain, nervous tissue, bile salts, cell membranes

what transports cholesterol?

lipoproteins

what is the purpose of liporoteins?

transporting fats in blood

what are the 4 types of lipoproteins?

high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, chylomicrons

which lipoprotein has the lowest density?

chylomicrons

what does density mean in reference to lipoproteins?

density of proteins with less lipids

what do chylomicrons do?

transport digested fats from small intestine to body

how do chylomicrons transport digested fats?

lymphatic system

where do HDLs transport?

cholesterol from body to liver for disposal

what and where do LDLs transport?

cholesterol to cells and lining of arteries

what do VLDLs do?

deliver fatty acids made in liver to cells

why are phospholipids important?

cell membranes and lipoproteins

what are the functions of lipids?

1. energy

2. phospholipids

3. satiety

4. adipose tissue

5. hormone precursors

6. fat soluble vitamin absorption

7. essential fatty acid source

what do fats do for oral health?

can reduce caries rate

what is associated with chronic diseases?

high saturated fat intake

what percent of total calories should saturated fats be?

10%

how much fat intake does the AMDR recommend?

adults (19+): 20-35% of total calories

who needs more fats?

children

what percent of dietary fat is triglycerides?

98%

what foods are high in saturated long chain fatty acids?

meat, poultry, eggs

what foods are high in unsaturated fats?

nuts, seeds, olives, avocados

what is the function of linoleic acid?

pro-clotting and pro-inflammation pathways

what are sources of linoleic acid?

nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

what is the function of alpha linolenic acid?

neuroprotective, anti-clotting, anti-inflammatory

what are sources of alpha linolenic acid?

fatty fish

what are examples of saturated fatty acids?

whole fat dairy products, red meat

what are examples of MUFA?

animal products, olive oil

what are examples of PUFA?

nuts, seeds, avocado

what can excessive fat intake cause?

obesity, cancer, hyperlipidemia

how are lipids digested in the mouth?

chemically and mechanically

how are lipids digested in the stomach?

chemically and mechanically

how are lipids digested in the small intestine?

bile, pancreatic juice, and lipase

what are micelles?

water soluble substances

what are examples of micelles?

monoglycerides, free fatty acids, bile acids

what are chylomicrons?

fats repacked with small amounts of protein

where do chylomicrons enter?

first lymph, then blood stream