Psych 1010 Final || Dr. Fed SELU

What is psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

What are the goals of psychology?

To describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

Who is considered the father of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt.

What is structuralism and who established it?

Structuralism is an early school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of consciousness, established by Wilhelm Wundt.

What method is associated with structuralism?

Introspection.

What is functionalism and who established it?

Functionalism is a school of psychology that focused on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment, established by William James.

What is Gestalt psychology and who established it?

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts, established by Max Wertheimer.

What historical events impacted psychology?

Events such as the development of the scientific method, World Wars, and the rise of behaviorism.

What is the scientific method?

A systematic process for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

What is a hypothesis and how does it relate to a theory?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables, while a theory is a broader explanation that integrates multiple hypotheses.

What are the types of research in psychology?

Descriptive, correlational, and experimental research.

What are the descriptive research methods?

Methods include case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation, each with pros and cons regarding depth, generalizability, and control.

What is correlational research?

Research that examines the relationship between two variables, often measured by a correlation coefficient.

What is a correlation coefficient?

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

What are independent and dependent variables?

Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher, while dependent variables are measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

What is experimental bias?

A systematic error that occurs when researchers influence the results of an experiment.

What is learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

What is classical conditioning?

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Who was Pavlov and what did he do?

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning, particularly with dogs.

What is operant conditioning?

A learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

What are positive and negative reinforcers?

Positive reinforcers increase behavior by presenting a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcers increase behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.

What is cognitive learning theory?

A theory that emphasizes the role of mental processes in learning, including attention, memory, and motivation.

What is attachment?

An emotional bond between a subject and their caregiver, crucial for development.

What is the DSM-V?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, used for diagnosing mental disorders.

What are the different categories of disorders in the DSM-V?

Categories include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders.

What is the humanistic approach to personality?

An approach that emphasizes personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.

What is stress psychology?

The study of how stress affects health and behavior.

What are stressors?

Events or conditions that cause stress.

What is learned helplessness?

A condition in which a person feels unable to control or change a stressful situation.

What is altruism?

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

UCS

Unconditioned Stimulus

CR

Conditioned Response

NS

Neutral Stimulus

UR

Unconditioned Response

With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological characteristics, evolutionary psychology is most like what early psychological school of thought?

Functionalism

Nico is meeting with his academic advisor. He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Nico aspires to be a/an __________ psychologist.

clinical

Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to argue that free will is something that does not truly exist, and that we are simply unaware of the environmental influences that affect our behaviors at any given moment?

B. F. Skinner

Who is considered the father of psychology and when was his first lab established?

Wundt in 1879

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's irritability toward her results from his unconscious feelings of hostility toward his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is interpreting her husband's behavior from a/an ____ perspective.

psychodynamic

Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studying:

behavior and mental processes.

When eating a raisin, you describe your experience of the raisin as "Rough, sweet, and grainy." What method are you using

Introspection

Jane believes she controls her life and can achieve all her goals. Jane's beliefs match which psychology perspective?

Humanisitic

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

Mary Calkins

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their genes or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding:

nature versus nuture

When a researcher tests his or her hypothesis, he or she is often hoping to gather information that is consistent with a particular theory. What, more specifically, allows a researcher to say that he or she has "proven" a theory?

A researcher is never able to say that he or she has "proven" a theory.

Dr. Potter, an English professor, is curious about his students' attitudes toward one of his favorite books. What research method is he most likely to use to gather this information?

survey

Students of psychology are often frustrated because there are very few, if any, clear-cut answers to many of their questions. What is the primary limiting factor in obtaining firsthand knowledge of questions such as the long-term effects of child abuse or the effects of smoking marijuana on a pregnancy?

Ethical guidelines in research prevent psychologists from carrying out many of these studies.

Dr. Johansen randomly assigned research participants to three different groups during her last experiment. She then proceeded to give all the participants in the experiment a new study technique designed to enhance their learning for the upcoming test. What critical error did she make during her experiment?

She failed to include a control group.

What is the purpose of an institutional review board?

to help protect research participants from abuse

Sarah, a graduate student in psychology, just heard about a five-year-old child who has already learned calculus. She is thinking about doing an in-depth study of the child for her dissertation because such early-life math skill is so rare. Sarah is considering which research method?

case study

A graph that can be used to represent the pattern of relationship between scores from two variables is called a __________.

scatterplot

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of _____.

the double-blind procedure

Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management exemplifies ______.

a hypothesis

Professor Ober carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in ______.

naturalistic observation

Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?

Bandura

Learning involves:

a change in behavior due to experience.

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a/an:

unconditioned stimulus.

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

operant conditioning.

Extinction occurs when a/an _______ is no longer paired with a/an ______.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:

observational learning

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a/an:

specified number of responses have been made.

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a/an:

conditioned response.

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:

negative punishment.

Positive reinforcers ______ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding.

increase; increase

The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as _______ parents.

authoritarian

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of:

conservation.

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a/an ________ psychologist.

developmental

During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects of:

Alzheimer's disease.

According to Erikson, trust is to ______ as identity is to ______.

infancy; adolescence

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a/an:

zygote and finally develops into a fetus

A cross-sectional study is one in which:

different age groups are tested at the same time.

Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the:

cheek.

In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to:

use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings.

A sensitive period is a phase during which:

certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.

Aversive Conditioning

a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

Extinction vs Spontaneous Recovery

a phenomenon that involves suddenly displaying a behavior that was thought to be extinct

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Watson & Rayner's work

Little Albert experiment

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

What is positive punishment?

Adding an aversive stimulus, such as having to do yard work for being home late.

What is negative punishment?

Removing a rewarding stimulus.

latent learning & cognitive maps

Tolman showed how rats can learn their way around a maze without reinforcement by making a mental representation. When given reward learning is apparent.

observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

What is the value of studying identical twins?

offers a unique window into understanding the interplay of genetics and environment in development

What is developmental psychology?

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

What reflexes to babies have?

rooting reflex, sucking reflex, Moro reflex, grasp reflex, Babinski reflex, and stepping reflex

teratogens

Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

Attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Harlow & his Rhesus monkeys

clothed vs. wire mothers, always chose warm comforting mother

Ainsworth's strange situation

a standardized assessment developed to study the quality of attachment between infants and their caregivers. It involves observing infants' reactions to a series of brief separations and reunions with their caregiver and a stranger in an unfamiliar playroom.

steps of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

- trust v. mistrust

- autonomy v. shame and doubt

- initiative v. guilt

- industry v. inferiority

- identity v. role confusion

- intimacy v isolation

- generativity v. stagnation

- integrity v. despair

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

proposes that personality develops through eight stages across the lifespan, each marked by a specific psychosocial crisis

Vygotsky's approach to development

emphasizes the crucial role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development

Kohlberg's ideas regarding development

suggests that moral development is a sequential process, though individuals may progress at different rates and some may not reach the highest stages

Object permanence vs. Principle of conservation

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

outlines how children's thinking evolves through distinct stages. These stages are: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, each characterized by unique ways of understanding and interacting with the world.

Personal fables

the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else

Adolescent egocentrism

the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents

Kubler-Ross five stages of facing impending death

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

three structures of personality according to Freud

Id: sexual and aggressive drives and hidden desires.

ego: operates on the reality principle, trying to satisfy the id's desires in a manner that is both realistic and socially acceptable.

superego: strives for perfection and judges our actions, leading to feelings of pride or guilt.