AQA Chemistry A-level, chemical equations to learn

full substitution (same size and charge)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 6NH3 = [Cu(NH3)6]2+ + 6H2O

Partial substitution

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O

Het. catalyst - Haber process

N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 (Fe catalyst)

Het. catalyst - Contact process

V2O5 + SO2 = V2O4 + SO3

V2O4 + 1/2O2 = V2O5(s)

Hom. catalyst - reacting peroxidisulfate and iodine

S2O8 2- + 2Fe 2+ = 2Fe 3+ + 2SO4 2-

2Fe 3+ + 2I- = I2 + 2Fe 2+

Autocatalysis - reacting oxalate (C2O4-) and MnO4-

MnO4- + 4Mn 2+ + 8H+ = 5Mn 3+ + 4H2O

2Mn 3+ + C2O4 2- = 2Mn 2+ + 2CO2

Cu2+ MAQI hydrolysis (water) to form weakly acidic solution and then further hydrolysis (OH- from water) to form insoluble metal hydroxides

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + H2O = [Cu(OH)(H2O)5]+ + H3O+

[Cu(OH)(H2O)5]+ + H2O = [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + H3O+

Amphoteric aluminium hydroxide + acid

Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + 3H3O+ = [Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3H2O

Amphoteric aluminium hydroxide + base

Al(H2O)3(OH)3 + OH- = [Al(H2O)2(OH4)]- + H2O

MAQI w little NH3

(NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OH-) OH- formed so reacts the same as h2o to form insoluble metal hydroxides

Copper insoluble hydroxide + XS NH3

[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 2OH- + 2H2O (deep blue solution)

Cu 2+ or Fe 2+ MAQI + CO3 2-

[M(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- = MCO3 (s) + 6H2O

AL 3+ or Fe3+ MAQI + CO32-

2[M(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO3 2- = 2[M(H2O)3(OH)3] (s) + 3CO2(g) + 3H2O

Exctract titanium from ore

TiCl4 + 2Mg = Ti + 2MgCl2

Al2O3 as acid

Al2O3 (s) + 2NaOH + 3H2O = 2NaAl(OH4) (1 2 3, 2)

Al2O3 as base

Al2O3 (s) + 3H2SO4 = Al2(So4)3 + 3H2O

SiO2 + 2NaOH

Na2SiO3 + H2O

P4O10 + 12NaOH

4Na3PO4 + H2O

SO2 (g) + 2NaOH

Na2SO3 + H2O

SO3(g) + 2NaOH

Na2SO4 + H2O

Ozone propagation

Cl. + O3 = ClO. + O2

ClO. + O3 = 2O2 + Cl.

Ozone overall

2O3 = 3O2

Cl2 + cold water

Cl2 + H2O = ClO- + Cl- + 2H+

Cl decomposing water in presencse of UV

2Cl2 + 2H2O = 4HCl + O2

Making bleach

Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaClO + NaCl + H2O

Group 7 reducing H2SO4

NaHSO4 SO2 S H2S

cl- br- --I- --

reducing nitrobenzene to phenylamine

C6H5NO2 (or draw) + 6[H] = C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

using LiAlH4 and dilute acid to reduce nitrile - how many mol reducing agent?

4[H]