Science Reading

Environmental Science is a ______________ - based discipline

science

Some environmental indicators are appropriate for studying _______________________ situations, while others are appropriate for _______________________________ situations

Some are appropriate for small-scale situations, others for global.

The differing opinions about the status of the planet depend in part on _____________________________________________

what indicators and what time periods are used to make the assessment.

What is the unit for ecological footprint?

Hectares of land

What is the unit for ecologicala footprint?

Hectares of land

What is the unit for sea level change?

mm

What is the unit for species diversity?

It is number of species per functional group

What is the unit for ambient wwater quality (toxics and conventional)?

Toxics: concentration

Conventional: concentration or presence/absence of bacteria

What is the unit for Atmospheric deposition rates?

Quantity per unit area per time

What is the unit for Fish catch or harvest?

Weight of fish per annum or weight of fish per effort expended

What is the unit for species diversity?

Number of species per functional group

Overall biological diversity describes the diversity of ______________________________________________________ on Earth

Genes, Species, Habitats, and Ecosystems

World population size will nonetheless continue to increase for at leasts __________________________________ years

fifty to a hundred

The yield from a given area can indicate both the ________________________________ and the _____________________________________

intensity of agricultural methods and the quality of the land.

Does high-intensity agriculture increase or decrease yield

It degrades soil and leads to less yield over time.

Human consumption decreasses the sustainability of not only human activities but also the ___________________________________________-

natural ecosystem on which all species depend.

Resource Use per person varies from region to region and by _____________________________________________

type of economy and country

A country with small houses will have less or more impact than big houses?

Less

From _____________________________ years ago, the mining of lead has incresaed?

5000 years ago

Much of the lead production and emissions in the 20th century were a result of this use:

leaded gasoline

____________________________ is primarily responsible for the decreases in lead emissions

Unleaded gaasoline legislation

Pipes corrode over time, especially if the water is ___________________________

acidic

Since ___________________ to ______________, tech have increased the fuel efficiency of most cars in the US from 13 to 30 miles per gallon

1975 to 2021

In the 1990s, consumers used ___________________, _________________ and __________________________ which get less than ___________________________ miles per gallon

Sport utility vehicles, Light trucks, Minivans, less than 20 miles to the gallon

Smll concentrations of salts such as ___________________________ and _________________________ enter the lake via streams

sodium and magnesium are

Elephants are found in _______________ and ________________ Africa

Cntral and Southrn

Tsavo Park is in ________________________ Kenya

Southeastern

Does elephants have a lot of or only a few predators?

few

What size is the Everglades watershed and basin

The watershed is 50 K km2 and the basin used to be a million acres, now its halved.

A _________________________ or a ___________________________ usually supports only a fewe types of grasses or trees

A carefully tended lawn or a commercial tree plantation

In pea plants, the A allele produces flowers of which color and the B allele produces flowers of which color?

The A allele produces purple flowers and the B allele produces white flowers.

How many copies of genetic material are made within cells/

Millioons

What happens to most neutral or harmful mutations?

They die with the organism because they are not in the sex cells.

Is genetic diversity higher among species or among populations

Higher among species

Gene flow is high in organisms with high rates of what

Dispersal

Most populations of species are relatively ____________ from each other.

Isolated (no gene flow)

Why has the cheetah population decreased

Hunting and loss of habitat

Cheetah males have 70% abnormal sperm where?

Zoos where most reliable studies are. Unclear in natural habitats

In the species area relationship what is Z stand for

It is the rate at which species numbers vary by area

Zebra mussel entered Great Lakes how and now is where

Ballast water, now in eastern US and Canada

What did El Niño do

It brought warm tropical waters into the Peru region

When is the thrips imaginis a major pest of apples

When its population is large enough

What is the definition of predation in the broadest sense

The use of a species as a resource by another species

These types of mutualistic interactions (fig tree and wasp) re due to what

Resource partitioning in the evolutionary past

Figs, nectars and a few fruits make up less than 1% of the tropical forests of _________________________

Central and South America

Later successional species for primary succession has what adaptations

Adaptations that exploit the open sun without too much demand for soil nutrients

Energy pyramids are ____________ while Biomass pyramids are ________________ because _________________

Energy pyramids are the same while Biomass,ass pyramids can be different depending on the populations of the ecosystem and the physical and chemical structure of the ecosystem

According to intermediate disturbance, in ecosystems that do not change,_________________ will lead to the dominating of one species

Competitive exclusion

Where tropical rainforests

Amazon, west and central Africa

Most of the world fisheries are found where

In waters near the surface of

Freshwater wetlands differ from open waters how

They have water at or near the soil surface year round and they are rarely over 2 meters deep

Salt marshes are important nesting and feeding spots for whom

Migratory birds

What are the natural element cycles collectively called?

Biogeochemical cycles

____________________ is the driver of biogeochemical cycling in the earth

Hydrologic cycle

What macronutrient has the highest concentration in plants

Nitrogen

___________________ is often the limiting element in terrestrial systems

Nitrogen

The dust bowls of the 20s and the 30s had dust from __________________ travel through______________ and deposited in the ______________ and __________________

From west US travel through westerlies and deposited in central and east US

In ______________ regions, the C horizon may contain ____________ and __________________

Humid, plant roots and microorganisms

The parent material is representative of what?

It is representative of what the upper horizons would've been without physical chemical and biological processings

What is humus and detritus according to the resource guide

Humus: organic matter

Detritus: animal waste

Algae is a type of _______________

Protozoa

The amount of time soil is in a _______________ state influences the amount of soil development that will occur

Unfrozen

Topsoil can be lost in a single _______________ but it can take how long to replace?

In a single growing season but can take centuries to replace

Why did Romans make aqueducts

Water pollution

What supplies more than Half drinking water in the US

Lakes rivers and reservoirs

Which country as the highest water use

US

Mercury received a great deal of attention when as a water pollutant

Early 2000s

Sources of nitrogen

Fertilizer, sewage sludge, acid rain

Sources of phosphorus

Fertilizer runoff, rocks, detergents

When a waterway is shallower, its temperature is likely to be

Higher

Increased respiration rate can lead to an organism being more susceptible to what

Disease

Thermal pollution can affect organisms' _________________

Reproduction

What does wastewater mean

All water that is destined for sewage or a septic system

What is gray water

Wastewater not from toilets

MCL is the _________________ level that a pollutant must not exceed

Enforcible

Wheat production in Mexico increased so much that Mexico became an exporter, enabling countries such as ________________________________________ to avert famines

India and Pakistan

The Green Revolution occurred primarily in which countries?

Developing countries

The Green Revolution consisted mainly of four things. What were they?

1. Better varieties of domestic animals and crops

2. Synthetic fertilizers

3. Management

4. Machinery

Apparently, what fossil fuel is used most in producing synthetic nitrogen fertilizer?

Natural Gas

What is another name for undernourishment?

Chronic hunger

What can "drawing down" aquifers do?

It can make neighboring wells run dry

What elements does fertilizers primarily have?

Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium

Sustainable agriculture aims to combine _______________ with ________________________

ceonomic viability with reduced environmental impact

Many practices used by sustainable farmers are similar to those of _________________________________________

traditional farming

Where are farmers practicing agroforestry?

East Africa

Some farmer plant a crop of winter ____________during a time when the fields would be unplanted so that the land does not remain uncovered

wheat

What kinds of fish are caught by dredging?

Groundfish and shellfish

____________________________________ is required for species listed under the ESA

Protecting criticalhabitat

Closed Areas were established in________________________________

1994

For what kind of species is clearcutting best for?

Fast growing species that need a lot of light

What is the most economical harvesting method?

Clearcutting, usually

What area loblolly plantings in Southern US

1.5 million acres

About________% of the world's forests are managed?

25%

Noncommercial crops can increase _____________________'s resistance to ________________________________________________________________

conifer's resistance to insects, pathogens, and fire.

Sustainable commercial forestry in the tropics today must rely on a combination of ________________________________ and _____________________________________

selective logging in natural forests and planting commercial monocultures in plantations.

Definition of ecosystem services

an ecological function that is useful to humans and to ecosystem stability and integrity, such as nutrient cycling, productivity, and control of erosion

Electricity is a __________________ but not a _______________________

It is an energy source but not a fuel

What is another name for crude oil

Liquid petroleum

_______ enriched uranium has the energy content of __________________________ gallons of gasoline

A pound of enriched uranium has the energy content of a million gallons of gasoline

Flying _________ miles in a year or eating __________ tablespoons of peanut butter give you a 1 in a million chance of dying

1000 miles, 40 tablespoons.