Organs, tissues, bones, joints, muscles, body systems, etc 8/28/25

Organs

Body tissues which work together to perform a specialized function. They all serve the same general purpose.

What are the basic tissues of the body?

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

What is epithelial tissue?

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity or pathways.

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

It acts against hostile agents and prevents dehydration and fluid loss.

What arises from the epithelium?

Mucous membranes, and sometimes specialized tissue secretes mucus.

What do some epithelial tissue contain?

Cilia

what is cilia

hair like protrusions that move matter from one location to another.

Baseplate or basement membrane

the tissue that underlies the epithelium, which is made predominantly of collagen. Functions include filtering, stabilizing, and directing growth patterns of epithelium.

What is connective tissue?

Binds together and supports tissues and organs.

What is connective tissue composed of and what does it look like?

Matrix(netting), intracellular material, may be solid, liquid or gel-like

Types of connective tissue

areolar, fibrous, cartilage, blood, bone

Areolar tissue

loose supportive connective tissue, interstitial (space between organs), adipose (significant fat deposits) and lymphoid tissue

Fibrous Tissue

tissue that binds structures together

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. (elastic)

Blood

plasma and blood cells

Bone

Hardest form of connective tissue (compact or spongy); it's living!

What are the protective functions of connective tissue?

Fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells

Fibroblasts

production of extracellular matrix- synthesize and secrete protein, wound repair

Macrophages

collection of dead tissue or waste

Lymphocytes

defend against viral attacks and destroy viral agents

Mast cells

responsible for inflammation for protection; extra heat

what is muscular tissue?

A tissue that contracts to move whatever it's attached to

what are the classifications of muscular tissue?

Voluntary, involuntary, cardiac

Voluntary muscle tissue

muscle tissues controlled by conscious effort; also called skeletal muscle(striated muscle)

Involuntary muscle tissue

smooth muscle ex) digestive system

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

What is nervous tissue

specializes in communication front one area to another

What does nervous tissue consist of?

neurons or nerve cells

what are the functions of a neuron to transfer information?

neuron to neuron, neuron to muscle, from sensory receptors to other neural entities

What are the tissue aggregates (groupings)?

Fascia, Ligaments, tendons

Fascia

Sheet like membrane that surrounds organs

ligaments

fibrous tissue that binds structures of the body together, connects bone or cartilage (connective tissue)

Tendons

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or cartilage

What are bones?

Rigid skeletal support and protection of organs and soft tissues; characterized by length (long or short) and shape (flat)

Fibroblasts

cells that use calcium to facilitate bone repair

Joints

joints form union of bone with other bones or cartilage with other cartilage

Diarthrodial (synovial) joints

highly mobile joints lubricated with synovial fluid

ex) plane (gliding) joints, spheroid, condylar, trochoid, sellar, ellipsoid (ball and socket) joints, and hinge joints

Kinds of joints

diarthrodial (synovial), syndesmoses (amphiathrodial or cartilaginous) , synarthrodial (fibrous)

Syndesmoses (amphiarthrodial or cartilaginous)

slightly mobile; cartilage forms union between two joints/structures

synarthrodial (fibrous joints)

immobile; bound by fibrous ligaments; sutures, located between bones of skull and joints

Muscles

groupings of contractive muscle fibers with a common function; can shorten to about 1/3 of their length.

origin

point of attachment of the least mobile element as related to speech function

insertion

point of attachment that moves when muscle contracts

types of muscles

agonists, antagonists, synergists/fixators

agonists

muscles that move structures

antagonists

muscles that oppose contraction of agonists

synergists/fixators

muscles that stabilize structures

body systems overview

systems are groups of organs that perform a specific function; failure of an organ causes functional disorders; organs can be part of more than one system

muscular system

smooth, straight, and cardiac muscle

skeletal system

bones and cartilages

respiratory system

oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs

digestive system

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, intestines, and glands

reproductive system

ovaries and testes

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

endocrine system

glands that produces hormones

nervous system

nerve tissue and central and peripheral nervous system structures

what are the systems of speech production and are they needed to work together for proper speech?

4; respiratory system, phonatory system, articulatory/resonatory system, nervous system; speech requires the integrated actions of all four systems

respiratory system: speech

involves respiration

phonatory system: speech

produces voice sound

articulatory/resonatory system: speech

shapes the oral cavity for production of sounds of speech; speech acoustics

nervous system of speech

controls speech processes

Central nervous system (cns)

primarily the head and neck; encased in bone; cerebral cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord; made of neurons (transmit information) and glial cells (support neuron function

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

peripheral nervous system (pns)

serves peripheral body (rest of body), cranial nerves- head and neck, spinal nerves- rest of body

sensory pathways

afferent

motor pathways

efferent

affarent

coming in

efferent

going out

neurons

specialized tissue for communicating information

neurons are composed of

dendrites, soma, and axon

dendrites

receive messages from other cells

soma

cell body

axon

relay information

what can an axon do with enough energy?

if enough information is received the axon will generate an action potential and will release neurotransmitters at the end bouton

bouton

an enlarged part of a nerve fiber or cell, especially an axon, where it forms a synapse with another nerve.

most of the body runs

contralaterally

right hemisphere

controls left side of body

left hemisphere

controls right side of body

frontal lobe

cognition, motor activity, and spoken language, broca's area

brocas area

language expression

parietal lobe

processing body sense

occipital lobe

receives and processes visual information

temporal lobe

receives auditory information; wernickes area

wernickes area

language and comprehension

insular lobe

planning and organizing speech

cerebellum

integrates body sense with the motor plan (balance)

brain stem

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

medulla oblongata

houses cranial nerves

pons

communication bridge

midbrain

houses cranial nerve nuclei

subcortical

Structures that lie beneath the cerebral cortex, but above the brain stem. (basal ganglia, thalamus, subthalamus)

basal ganglia

muscle tone control; ex) basal ganglia lesion affects muscle tone

thalamus

way station for sensory information

subthalamus

works with basal ganglia for motor control