FINAL EXAM HISTORY 270

Market Revolution

1-Supply of Cheap Labor (Surplus rural population & Immigrants)

• 2-Abundant Natural Resources (Coal, lumber, and water power)

• 3-Regional Specialization(South-Cotton, Midwest-Food, Northeast Factories)

• 4-Transportation Revolution(cheaper and faster transportation)

• 5-Business Friendly Government Policy (protective tariffs)

• 6-Business Friendly Legal Code (corporate and contractual protection)

• 7-Expanding Financial System (The number of banks increase 10,000% between 1790 and 1860, solid public credit and currency)

• 8-Technological Innovation-interchangeable parts, automated mills

Californios

Descendents of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.

Tejanos

A person of Mexican descent living in Texas.

Division of Labor

a system of manufactures that divides the production into a serious into a district and repetitive tasks performed by machines and factors

Factory

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Waltham Plan

a labor system recruited thousands of young women from farm families to work in textile factories

Irish Immigration

One of the largest groups of individuals to immigrate to the United States; Main reason was the potato famine / Between 1840 and 1860 with 2 million irish / Irish peasants and laborers, were fleeing a famine caused by severe overpopulation and a devastating blight that destroyed much of the Irish potato crop / The Irish began to displace more affluent rural American farm girls as a major labor source in New England's factories as the market revolution progressed

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "__" or "Lower ____".

Force Bill

1833, authorized president to use military means to compel South Carolina's obedience to national laws

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "_____" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

domestic dependent sovereign

Black Hawk

Sioux leader who decided to refuse movement away from their land in Illinois; Jackson sent troops to expel them, was a massacre

Harriet Tubman

woman one of the leaders of the Underground Railroad

Sojourner Truth

one of the Leader of the woman movement (black)

Susan B Anthony

one of the Leader of the woman movement (white)

Enrollment Act of 1863

a controversial act passed to provide new recruits to the Union Army. It was very controversial and required the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between 20-45.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field 

Homestead Act of 1862

Gave settlers the title to 160 acres of public land after five year of residence

General McDowell, General Grant, General Mclellan

Prepare to identify important Union Generals

Union Generals:

General Beauregard, General "Stone Wall" Jackson, General Lee 

Prepare to identify important Confederate generals

Union’s strategy for winning the Civil War

Implement a naval blockade until the enemy's economy collapsed.

Take the Mississippi River Valley to divide the enemy.

Take the enemy's political capital at Richmond.

Stephen F. Austin

secretary of state for the Texas republic after he helped them win independence by leading a revolt

Santa Anna

As dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.

Sam Houston

a general in the war for Texas who fought for independence of Texas from Mexico to make it part of the U.S

Battle of San Jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead. 

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico recognized the American annexation of Texas.

The United States purchased the American Southwest for $15 million.

Mexican citizens in the ceded territory received immediate and equal citizenship

America would respect the deeds and assets of Mexicans in the ceded territory.

The United States assumed $3 ½ million in legal liabilities

We purchase California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado

Compromise of 1850

California entered the union as a free state.

• It established the modern borders of Texas.

• Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

• The slave trade was outlawed in Washington D. C.

• A popular sovereignty test was applied to the New Mexico and Utah territories

Oliver Evans

automated flour mill

Cyrus McCormick

Farm Reaper

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, ____ announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Brigham Young

decided to lead the Mormons out of the United States; In 1846, he led the Mormons across the Great Plains to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake in northern Mexico, modern day Utah.

Samuel Colt

Six-Shot revolver

Eli Whitney

Interchangeable parts

Richard Garsed

Power Looms

John Deere

Steel Plow

Samuel L. Collins

Die Cutters

Robert Fulton

Steamboat

Samuel F.B

telegraph and morse code

Samuel Slater  

water powered cotton mill

steamboat, railroad, canals

Prepare to name major innovations that revolutionized transportation.

Henry Clay’s American system of national economic development. 

• Control the nation’s financial system with a Bank of the United States

• Impose high protective tariffs on imports to protect domestic manufacturers

• Spend federal revenue on transportation initiatives and infrastructure projects

Bank War

• The system favored creditors and entrepreneurs in the Northeast over those in the South and West.

• British aristocrats owned much of its stock and manipulated the institution against American interests.

• It favored the wealthy and privileged at the expense of the middle-class

Three tactics abolitionists used to abolish slavery.

1: portrayed slavery in a religious context as a mortal sin against the soul of the nation

2: organized politically to lobby politicians in the states and congress to pass laws limiting and restricting slavery

3: abolitionists took direct action by helping slaves escape to freedom along the Underground Railroad.

James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln 

list presidential administrations in chronological order. 

Texas - seceded

identify the three regions of slave states and explain the secession status of each region. 

Deep/lower South

Maryland - did not leave union

identify the three regions of slave states and explain the secession status of each region. 

Border States

Virginia - seceded

identify the three regions of slave states and explain the secession status of each region. 

Upper South

Walden or Life in the Woods

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• Henry David Thoreau

The Dial, a journal

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• Margaret Fuller

Leaves of Grass

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• Walt Whitman

The Scarlet Letter

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• Nathaniel Hawthorne

Moby Dick

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• Herman Melville

Murder in the Rue Morgue & The Raven

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• Edgar Allen Poe

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

Washington Irving

The Last of the Mochians

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• James Fenimore Cooper -

Dictionary of American English Usage

identify authors and publications of the American Renaissance.

• Noah Webster

Missouri Compromise 

• Missouri enters the Union as a slave state

• Maine enters the Union as a free state

• The 36’ 30’ line separates Louisiana into slave and free territory.

Universal male white suffrage, Abolition movement, Women's suffrage, Temperance movement, Black evangelicalism

1. Prepare to identify specific reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening

William Lloyd Garrison, Elizabeth Coltman Heyrick, Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan, Lewis Tappan, Lucretia Mott, Grimke Sisters, Fredrick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth

Prepare to name the abolitionist 

Mechanics

This class of skilled craftsmen and inventors built and improved machines for industry in the nineteenth century and established institutes to spread their skills and knowledge.

Samuel Slater

built the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton for a Rhode Island textile factory in 1790.

Machine Tools

These produced standardized parts of other machines at a low cost and facilitated the rapid spread of the industrial revolution in the United States.

Artisan Republicanism

An ideology of production that celebrated small-scale producers and emphasized liberty and equality. It flourished after the American Revolution and gradually declined as a result of industrialization.

Wilmot Proviso

The 1846 proposal by Representative David ___ of Pennsylvania to ban slavery in territory acquired from the U.S.-Mexico War.

Labor Theory of Value

the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the number of labor hours required to produce that commodity;

Erie Canal

This was the greatest engineering feat of the antebellum period and allowed products from the Midwest to reach Europe by connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River.

Self-made Man

A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits.

Nativism

Opposition to immigration and to full citizenship for recent immigrants or to immigrants of a particular ethnic or national background, as expressed, for example, by anti-Irish discrimination in the 1850s and Asian exclusion laws between the 1880s and 1940s.

Patronage

The power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporters; also the jobs and favors themselves.

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Corrupt Bargain

When Speaker of the House Henry Clay used his influence to select John Quincy Adams as president in 1824, and then Adams appointed Clay secretary of state, Andrew Jackson’s supporters called it a _____.

Tariff of Abominations

A tariff enacted in 1828 that raised duties significantly on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods. It enraged the South, which had no industries that needed protection and resented the higher cost of imported goods.

Nullification

A state has the right to invalidate any federal law which the state has deemed unconstitutional

Indian Removal Act

Act that directed the mandatory relocation of eastern tribes to territory west of the Mississippi. Jackson insisted that his goal was to save the Indians and their culture. Indians resisted the controversial act, but in the end most were forced to comply.

The Trail of Tears

Forced westward journey of Cherokees from their lands in Georgia to present-day Oklahoma in 1838. Nearly a quarter of the Cherokees died in route.

Classic Liberalism

The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government. The ideal is a laissez faire or “let alone” policy in which government does the least possible.

Working Men’s Party

Emerged in 1830’s; consisted of artisans and laborers; called for abolition of private banks, chartered monopolies and debtors prisons, demanded universal public education and a fair system of taxation; mobilized craft workers and gave political expression of artisan republicanism 

Whigs

Opponents of Jackson democrats; The ___ Party arose in 1834 when a group of congressmen contested Andrew Jackson’s policies and conduct. The party identified itself with the pre-Revolutionary American and British parties — also called Whigs — that had opposed the arbitrary actions of British monarchs.

Panic of 1837

Helped propel the Whig party to power; Triggered by a sharp reduction in English capital and credit flowing into the United States, the cash shortage caused a panic while the collapse of credit led to a depression — the second major economic crisis of the United States — that lasted from 1837 to 1843. 

Mormons

Religion emerged during market revolution

-Flourished in Erie Canal area (Mohawk River Valley/Burnover Country)

-People clung to this religion as a result of the Erie Canal being built; it was new technology that old people were unfamiliar with so they turned to religion

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Emancipation Proclamation

President Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation issued on January 1, 1863, that legally abolished slavery in all states that remained out of the Union. While the _____ did not immediately free a single slave, it signaled an end to the institution of slavery.

Nat Turner

a slave in Virginia, staged a bloody revolt (rebellion) in 1831; believed he was commissioned by God; as a result of him Southern States toughened their slave codes, limited black movement and prohibited anyone from teaching slaves to read

William Lloyd Garrison

leader of the abolition movement and published The Liberator; founded the Anti-Slavery Society and called for immediate abolition

Oregon Trail

1842, party of 100 farmers journeyed through this path in search of new homes

Underground Railroad

An informal network of whites and free blacks in the South that assisted fugitive slaves to reach freedom in the North.

Gang Labor System

This was a system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.

Manifest Destiny

A term coined by John L. O’Sullivan in 1845 to express the idea that Euro-Americans were fated by God to settle the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. To spread democracy and the protestant religion

Alamo

The 1836 defeat by the Mexican army of the Texan garrison defending the ___ in San Antonio. Newspapers urged Americans to “Remember the ____ ,” and American adventurers, lured by offers of land grants, flocked to Texas to join the rebel forces.

Ostend Manifesto

took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Kansas Nebraska Act

law passed in 1854, creating the Kansas and Nebraska territories, but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Bleeding Kansas

term used to describe the violence between pro and anti slavery forces in Kansas territory after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Lecompton Constitution

pro slavery draft written in 1857 by Kansas territorial delegates that would allow Kansas to enter the Union as a slave state; fraudulent election; it was rejected

Harper’s Ferry Raid

Abolitionist John Brown's failed raid on the federal arsenal, October 16-17, 1859; he intended to arm the slaves, but ten of his compatriots were killed, and Brown became a martyr to his cause after his capture and execution.

New York City Draft Riots

protests against the draft; working class looting, fighting, and lynching claimed the lives of 105 men, mostly African American; several federal enrollment officers were killed

Seneca Falls Declaration

The first women’s rights convention in the United States. Held in ____, New York, in 1848, it resulted in a manifesto extending to women the egalitarian republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence.

13th amendment

abolished slavery

David Walker

published an Appeal… to the colored citizens of the world; called for a violent rebellion to end slavery if abolition was not speedy