Anatomy Final

Nervous System

brain, spinal cord, nerves

skeletal system

bones and cartilage

circulatory system

heart, veins and arteries

respiratory system

lungs and trachea

digestive system

stomach liver and intestines

muscular system

muscles an dtendons

integumentary system

lymph nodes and immunity

urinary system

kidneys and bladder

endocrine system

production and secretion of hormones

reproductive system

male and female parts

Levels of organization in order from complex at top to simplest at the bottom

system, organ, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules

define homeostasis

a stat of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment an functions

what is the differnece between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solution

hypertonic is an external solution that has a high solute concentration. Isotonic is a muscular contraction in the absence of significant resistance. Hypotonic is a solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the intracellular solute concentration

list the phases of mitosis and briefly describe what happens in each

prophase - centrioles separate releasing the spindle fibers

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of hthe cell

interphase

centriole duplicates

anaphase

spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart into sister chromatids

telophase

2 nuclear envelopes form

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

take chemicals and package them

what is the function of the mitochondria

powerhouse of cell, major site of ATP

what property of the phospholipid gives the plasma membrane the ability to self reassemble

hydrophobic interactions

what is the function of the ribsomes

responsible for protein synthesis, found "free" in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER

what is the function of the labile parenchymal cells

cells that undergo mitosis regularly and quickly

define serous membrane

found around the outside of your organs

how do epithelial cells get oxygen and nutrients

secrete substances outward through a duct

what protein is found in all connective tissue proper

collagen

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

endocrine secret hormones into the bloodstream, exocrine secret substance outward through a duck

what is the function of a stromal cell

cells that provide structure of support for parenchymal cells

define adipose tissue

function similar to a thick, warm blanket

what is the matrix in the hair follicle

keratinocytes proliferate to form the hair shaft of growing hair

what kind of glands are sebaceous glands

holocrine glands

explain why scars sometime form when the skin heals but do not form at other times

if the cut goes across the lines of clevafe it will scar if it goes with the lines it will not scar

where is the papillae found

the dermis

what is the difference between an osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte

blast - bone forming

cyte

- mature bone

clast-

breaks down bone to reform new bone

define appendicular skeleton

portion of skeleton that attaches the axial skeleton and has limbs attached to it and hips

define axial skeleton

part of the skeleton that support and protects the head, neck, and trunk

what are the steps to bone repair

new bone tissue in cancellous as it matures it is replaced by compact bone

set bone in place, wait for osteoblast, maybe a callous will form, the bone will be thicker where the break was

what is the differnece between fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

fibrous - two joints joined together with fibrous tissue

cartilaginous

- bones are united with fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

synovial

joints that contain synovial fluid

define hemopoiesis.

the process of making blood cells in bone marrow

once the epiphyseal plate ossifies, can the bone grow anymore

not in length

define supination

when you rotate you rarm so you palm faces up

list the three types of muscle

skeletal - voluntary muscles

cardiac

only in heart, involuntary

smooth -

involuntary muscles

what two muscle proteins make up the sarcomere

actin and myosin

a molecule of stored energy which is made during cellular respiration

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

define neurotransmitter

chemical released by a neuron that allows them to communicate

what is rigor mortis

once a body is dead, no ATP is produced, causes the body to stiffin

how is lactic acid formed in the muscle

when the body breaks down carbohydrates to use for energy when oxygen levels are low

define synergist

assists the primary move for a specific action as a joint

what is mastication

the process of chewing

which muscle is also known as the "kissing muscle

orbicularis oris

what is the difference between antagonist and agonist

agonist is the muscle contracting and antagonist is muscle relaxing

what is the difference between tendons and ligaments

tendon connects muscle to bone

ligament connects two bones together

how does the biceps brachii get its name

latin phase "two-headed muscle of the arm"

what is the central nervous system

composed of the brain and the spinal cord

what is teh peripheral nervous system

responsible for the senses

what is teh differnece between neuroglia and the neurons

neurons can reproduce, neuroglia can reproduce

what is the function of the temporal lobe

sense of hearing and smell

what is the function of the parietal lobe

handles touch receptors

what is the function of the frontal lobe

motor, function, smell, moods

what is the broca's area responsible for

forms sentence

in a brain tumor, in which type of brain cell does the tumor originate

uncontrolled mitosis in neuroglia

what is the afferent division of the PNS

takes signals from outside the nervous system to the CNS

Mechanoreceptor

respond to movement

thermoreceptor

respond to heat and cold

photoreceptor

respond to light

chemoreceptor

respond to chemical

nociceptor

respond to pain

name the 5 taste sensations

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami (savory)

what is the function of the endocrine system

releases hormones into the bloodstream

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood back to the heart

capillaries

exchange gases and nutrients between blood and body cells

Define erythrocytes

Red blood cells which carry the oxygen in blood

what are the two main components of blood

plasma- liquid portion, blood cells- soild portion

is blood more or less dense than water

more dense

what typeblood is universal donor

type O negative

what type blood is the universal recipient

type AB postive

what are leukocytes

white blood cells

what is the differnece between systemic and pulmonary circulation

systemic blood circulation through other tissues of the body, pulmonary circulation blood around the alveoli

what is the uvula

closes during swallowing to keep fluids from coming out of noise

what is the function of the liver

receives nutrient rich blood and processes the nutrients

what is the function of the appendix

helps fight pathogenic bacteria and releases gut bacteria into the intestines to help digest food

Carbohydrates

saliva

Lipids

bile; lipase

Proteins

pepsin

Esophageal sphincter

to prevent air from entering into the esophagus during breathing

pyloric sphincter

releases from the stomach into the small intestine

anal sphincter

prevents your feces from leaking out your body

what is the function of the nasal cavity

olfaction, air conditioning ( air is warmed)

what is the function of the larynx

voice box and vocal cords

how many lobes comprise the right lung? left lung?

three lobes; two lobes

What is the diaphragm?

contracts when we inhale, relaxes when air is released

how do the external intercostals assist in breathing

when they contract, they pull the rib cage falls downward and inward decreasing the site of the thoratic case