HAN 312 - digestive system

ingestion

break down food into usable nutrients

digestion

to absorb nutrients from food

elimination

to eliminate solid waste products

palate

separates oral and nasal cavity

uvula

hangs in posterior portion of oral cavity

tongue

• aids in chewing, swallowing, and speaking

teeth

provides hard surfaces for mastication

pharynx

also known as the throat, is a passageway for food traveling from oral cavity to the esophagus

esophagus

• muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach

• peristalsis propels food to the stomach

what is peristalsis

involuntary muscles that move your food through your digestive system

what is the cardia

where the esophagus connects to the stomach

fundus

superior domed portion

what is body of the stomach?

between the fundus and pylorus

what is the pylorus

lower portion of the stomach connecting to the small intesting

what is rugae

folds of the stomach lining that contains glands that produce digestive enzymes

what is the cecum

first portion of large instestine

what is the colon

extends from the cecum to rectum

what is the rectum

extension that holds solid waste

what is the anus

exit from the large intestine to the outside of the body

what is the ascending colon

• first portion the colon

what is the transverse colon

• second portion of the colon

what is the descending colon

the third portion of the colon

what is the sigmoid colon

• the fourth and terminal portion of the colon that joins with rectum

what is the liver for

produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder

what is bile

fluid that aids in digestion

gallbladder

• stores bile and sends it to the duodenum

what is the pancreas?

• secretes jucies into the small intestine that aids in digestion

what is bolus?

moistened food still inside the mouth

what is chyme

partially digested food

what is deglutition

the act of swallowing

what is mastciation

chewing

what is the sphincter

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

what is hematochezia

passage of bloody stool

melena

black tarry spool

occult blood

blood in feces in amounts too small to be seen with naked eye

borborygmus

• rumbling or gurgling noise the in the GI tract

ex: movement of gas, fluid, both

diarrhea

• frequent passage of losoe water stool

eructation

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (burping)

flatus

gas expelled from anus (farting)

hematochezia

passage of bright red blood from the rectum

bleeding (colitis, ulcers, polyps in the colon or rectum)

hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice/icterus

yellow, orange coloration of the skin and whites of eyes

steatorrhea

• fat in the feces

cholecystitis

• inflammation of the gallbladder

gastroenteritis

• inflammation of the stomach and intestines

pancreatits

inflammation of the pancreas

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

esophageal varices

• swollen varicose veins at lower end of esophagus

what is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• solids and fluids return to the esophagus from the stomach

• heartburn caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to the esophagus

• can lead to esophagitis

what is a hernia

organ protrudes through the muscle that normally contains it

hiatal hernia

upper part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm

inguinal hernia

part of bowel protrudes through a weakened muscle in the lower abdomen

colonic polyposis

polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membranes of the colon

colorectal cancer

• adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum or both

• can arise from polyps

• diagnosed by colonoscopy and blood in stool (hematochezia, occult blood)

crohn disease

chronic inflammation of intestinal tract, form of inflammatory bowel disease

diverticulum

• abnormal pouch on the wall of the instestines

diverticulitis

inflammation of a diverticulum

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

• affects large intestine (colon)

• painful disease w/ alternating symptom of constipation and diarrhea

ulcerative colitis

• chronic inflammation of colon w/ presence of ulcers in colon and rectum

• high risk of colon cancer

ileus

obstruction of the intestine

hemoccult test

screening test used to determine the presence of hidden blood in feces

stool culture

microscopic exam of feces for pathogens

liver function tests

tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin

endoscopy

use of an endoscope to examine the inside of organs

colonoscopy

process of examining the colon

virtual colonoscopy/immersive colonoscopy

• cancerous pulp

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

process of examining the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

flexible sigmoidoscopy

process of examining the sigmoid colon and descending colon with flexible endoscope

proctoscopy

process of examining the rectum and anus

laparoscopy

process of examining the rectum and anus

laparoscopy

process of examining the abdominal area

how is barium enema administered for clinical procedure x rays

lower GI series - barium is injected into the rectum via an enema

upper GI series - barium is ingested via the mouth, x ray images of the esophagus, stomach, small intestines

ultrasound examination

sound waves produce an image of viscera

magnetic reasonance imaging (MRI)

• magnetic and radio waves produce images of tissues and organs

what is abdominal paracentesis?

taking a needle to the abdomen and draining out ascites

nasogastric (NG) intubation

insertion of a tube through the nose to the stomach for feeding or suction

total parenteral nutrition

feeding maintained entirely by intravenous injection or other nongastrointestinal route

appendectomy

removal of the appendix

cholecystectomy

removal of the gallbladder

gastrectomy

removal of the stomach

gastric resection

removal of a section of the stomach

polypectomy

removal of polyps

antacid

used to reduce stomach acid

antidiarrheal

used to stop or prevent diarrhea

antiemetic

used to stop or prevent nausea and vomiting

what is a emetic used for

to induce vomiting

laxative

used to promote expulsion of feces

gastroenterology

medical specialty that covers dianosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

gastroenterologist

physician who specializes in gastroenterology

proctology

medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the anus and rectum