Lecture Activity #1: Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Cellular Functions

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapters 2 and 3 lecture notes, including inorganic chemistry, organic macromolecules, and cell organelles.

Four Most Abundant Elements in Human Body

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

Most Abundant Element in Body by Weight

Oxygen.

Cations

Positively charged ions.

Anions

Negatively charged ions.

Ionic Bonding

A type of bonding formed when one ion donates an electron and the other receives it.

Covalent Bonding

A type of bonding formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

Acid

A chemical that can release $H^+$ into water.

Buffers

Substances that can minimize the changes in pH.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Catabolism

The breaking down of complex or larger substances into simpler or smaller components.

Hydrogen Bonding

A type of bonding which attracts or interconnects water molecules together.

Synthesis Reaction

A chemical reaction represented symbolically as $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction represented symbolically as $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Reversible Reaction

A chemical reaction represented symbolically as $A + B \rightleftharpoons AB$.

Four Categories of Organic Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids.

Monomer of Carbohydrates

Simple sugar (mainly glucose).

Monomer of Proteins

Amino acid.

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide.

Dehydration Reaction

A polymerization in which monomers are joined to make a polymer (also known as a condensation reaction).

Hydrolysis

A reaction that splits polymers into monomers.

Three Important Monosaccharides

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose.

Three Important Disaccharides

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose.

Four Levels of Protein Structure

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

Hemoglobin

A biological molecule characterized by a quaternary protein structure.

Triglycerides

Neutral fats consisting of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

Saturated Fatty Acid

A type of fatty acid with all single covalent bonds between carbons.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A type of fatty acid with some cis double bonds between carbons.

Phospholipids

A type of lipid constituting the majority of the cell membrane.

DNA

Double-stranded nucleic acid containing Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine that constitutes genes and provides instructions for synthesizing all body proteins.

RNA

Nucleic acid containing ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.

Ribosomes

Cell organelles that read codes on mRNA during protein synthesis.

Nucleus

Organelle containing chromosomes and controlling all cell functions.

Proteasomes

Hollow cylindrical cellular organelles assisting in protein disposal.

Lysosomes

Organelles that digest macromolecules, excess/worn-out cellular structures, and invading viruses or bacteria.

Rough ER

Organelle covered with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis.

Smooth ER

Organelle without ribosomes involved in steroid/lipid synthesis and drug/alcohol detoxification; present in large amounts in testes, ovaries, and liver cells.

Cytoskeleton

Cellular framework constituted by actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Mitochondrion

Cell organelle that produces energy in the form of ATP for the cell.

Peroxisomes

Cellular organelles involved in detoxifying alcohol and drugs.