APUSH Chapter 20 The Progressives

What was Progressivism?

What was Progressivism?

Movement in the early 20th century to impose order & justice on increasingly chaotic society, optimistic vision that society was able to improve, disliked laissez faire & unregulated economy.

What ideas motivated the progressives?

Antimonopoly, urge to limit & distribute wealth, importance of social cohesion & interdependence, faith in knowledge, larger role for gov't in improving society.

What are muckrakers?

Crusading journalists directing public attention toward social, economic, and political injustices, corruption, and scandal.

Who was Ida Tarbell?

Muckraker, investigated corruption in Standard Oil trust, published studies in magazines & later in a two volume book.

Who was Lincoln Steffens?

Muckraker, exposed political machines, boss rule, & corruption in gov't. Wrote for McClure's magazine, wrote The Shame of the Cities.

Who was Upton Sinclair?

Muckraker, socialist writer, investigated conditions of the meatpacking industry, wrote The Jungle.

What was the writer of The Jungle trying to accomplish with it, and what did it actually accomplish?

It was aimed to promote socialism, it actually prompted food preparation reform.

Describe the "Social Gospel" movement.

A movement of American Protestants (and some Catholics & Jews) pursuing social justice, combined religion w/ reform, believed all individuals should work to improve society, Salvation Army is an example.

Who was Father John Ryan?

Catholic liberal who used the pope's Rerum Novarum to promote the crusade for social justice, worked to expand Catholic social welfare organizations.

What was the Settlement House Movement?

Educated middle class members worked to help immigrants adapt to language & culture of America, over 400 settlement houses opened across nation.

What beliefs were behind the Settlement House Movement, and what did it accomplish?

Believed poverty, ignorance, & crime resulted from unhealthy living environments; imparted American values & lifestyles to immigrants.

Who was Jane Addams?

A social worker and progressive who helped create the Hull House.

What was the Hull House?

Famous settlement house, opened 1889 in Chicago, served as model to other American settlement houses, helped in pioneering sociology & profession of social work.

Why did progressives put so much emphasis on education and expertise?

Believed all problems could be analyzed & solved scientifically, believed only experts could create stability, some wanted a new civilization where scientists & engineers had the power, put stock in solid data & facts.

What was the American Medical Association?

"Trained" doctors organized themselves into the AMA in 1901, by 1920 almost 2/3 of American doctors were members, called for strict standards for practice of medicine.

What was the National Association of Manufacturers?

National organization of businessmen, created schools of business administration to train accredited businessmen.

What was the National Farm Bureau Federation?

Network of agricultural organizations designed to spread scientific farming methods.

What types of professions were open to educated women in the early 20th Century?

Settlement houses, social work, teaching, and nursing.

Few physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, & managers.

Why were women excluded from other professions?

Traditional prejudices and state laws prevented them.

What sorts of social & economic factors contributed to the notion of "new woman" at the turn of 20th century?

No more income-producing in-home jobs, children started school earlier & spent more time there, technological innovations made housework easier & faster, family size declined, life expectancy rose.

What arguments did opponents of women's suffrage make?

It posed a threat to civilization's "natural order"; linked suffrage to divorce, promiscuity, looseness, & child neglect; society required distinct male & female spheres; primary goal of women was to be wives & mothers.

How was the women's suffrage movement gaining ground in the early 20th century?

From 1893 to 1917 membership of National American Woman Suffrage Association grew from 13,000 to over 2 million, argued that female suffrage wouldn't upset status quo, argued it would boost Temperance movement, argued women would have calming influence on politics.

Describe the 19th Amendment (1920).

Guaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation, enacted after 39 states had accepted at least partial woman suffrage, 15 granted full participation, some radical feminists were unsatisfied & believed it would be insufficient.

How did political reform decrease the power of big city "bosses" in the Progressive Era?

Reforms gave more direct power to the people, made politicians and legislation more vulnerable.

Define Commission Plan.

Mayor and city council replace by an elected, nonpartisan commission. About 400 cities used it.

Define City-Manager Plan.

Elected officials hired outside expert to take charge of city gov't. 45 cities used it.

Define initiative.

Allowed reformers to avoid state legislatures by submitting new legislation directly to voters in general elections.

Define referendum.

Provided a method by which actions of legislature could be returned to voting public for approval.

Define direct primary.

An attempt to give people, instead of party bosses, the right to select candidates in primaries.

Define recall.

Gave voters the right to remove a public official from office through special election if enough citizens signed a petition.

Who was Rober M. "Battling Bob" LaFollete

Elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900, led WI progressives on crusade of reform. Elected to U.S. Senate in '06, politically isolated due to radical progressivism.

What progressive measures were passed in Wisconsin, the "laboratory of progressivism"?

Direct primaries; initiatives; referendums; gov't regulated railroads, utilities, & workplaces; worker's comp.; increased taxes for rich & corporate levies.

Why did voter turnout decline so much from the Progressive Era onward?

The power of party bosses was largely broken up, individuals no longer bound to turn out & support boss's party, broke rigid party loyalty.

What types of laws were made to improve labor conditions?

More effective child labor laws, workers' compensation laws, limitations on women's working hours, elimination of some of the worst industrial abuses.

What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire?

1911, fire hit the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, killing 146 workers trapped inside, emergency exits had been locked.

What legislative reforms did the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire lead to?

State commission investigated the incident & industrial conditions in general, commission issued reports calling for major reforms, reform laws imposed strict regulations on factory owners & created means of enforcement.

Who was Booker T. Washington?

Black leader, told blacks they had to work for immediate self-improvement instead of long-term social reform, policy of appeasing whites, acceptance of current situation.

Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?

Attacked Washington's policies, believed it was impossible for blacks to advance while trapped in their segregated & oppressed lower caste, believed blacks needed to fight for their civil rights, created the NAACP, fierce opponent of lynching.

What was the NAACP?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, cooperative between white progressives & Du Bois's black supporters, led the drive for civil rights using lawsuits.

Who was Ida B. Wells?

Female black activist calling for more non-lynching laws, worked w/ NAACP and other organizations.

Define temperance.

The elimination of alcohol from American life as much as possible, came to promote the complete prohibition of the manufacture & sale of alcoholic beverages.

What was the Women's Christian Temperance Union?

Pro-temperance organization, led by Frances Willard after 1879, by 1911 had 245,000 members, largest women's organization in America to that point.

What was the Anti-Saloon League?

Organization that promoted the legal abolition of saloons, believed liquor was a moral evil or economic obstacle, viewed the saloon as a cornerstone of urban party machines.

What was the 18th Amendment?

Prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol in the U.S., driven by progressives & fundamentalists to be ratified.

What does the term eugenics mean in relation to nativism?

Used as a way to grade races & ethnicities by their genetic qualities, believed human inequalities were hereditary, thus that immigrants were polluting American stock.

What arguments did nativists use to advocate for laws restricting immigration into America?

Believed immigrants from some nations were less assimilable than others, that immigration should be restricted by nationality; that less immigration would alleviate overcrowding, unemployment, social unrest, and social services.

Why was the U.S. Socialist movement growing in the U.S. at the beginning of the century?

Most social problems concerning progressives could be traced back to the growth of corporate Amerca, caused many to believe capitalism had to be restructured.

Who were the I.W.W. (The Wobblies)?

Industrial Workers of the World, militant socialist union led by William Haywood, believed in single union for all workers, used strikes and terrorism.

Who was Louis Brandeis?

First Jewish justice of the Supreme Court, nominated by Wilson in 1916, progressive, opposed the bigness of corporations & monopolies, powerful member of the court who lobbied for his interests behind the scenes.

What was unique about Teddy Roosevelt's approach to management-labor disputes?

Unlike previous presidents, TR considered both employers' and employee's sides, broke strikes & arbitrated resolutions.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the Northern Securities Case (1904)?

Ruled that J.P. Morgan's $400 million railroad monopoly must be dissolved, enforced Sherman Antitrust Act, invoked by TR.

What was the "Square Deal"?

Fair & just deal for all parties concerned, gov't intervenes to make sure everyone is treated fairly, TR promised everyone a "square deal."

What was the Hepburn Act?

Increased gov't regulatory authority over railroads, made sure railroads couldn't take advantage of farmers, laborers, etc.

What was the Pure Food and Drug Act?

Restricted the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines, regulated food production to make it healthier & cleaner.

How was Teddy Roosevelt a "conservationist" President?

Seized millions of acres of undeveloped gov't land for conservation, formed close ties with John Muir (founder of Sierra Club), expanded old national parks & created new ones.

Describe William Howard Taft's presidency.

Alienated progressive Republicans w/ conservatism & unwillingness to oppose Republican "old guard", tried to cover up evidence about a potential conservation controversy thus losing support of most TR supporters.

Why did Teddy Roosevelt form a third party (Bull Moose or Progressive Party) in 1912?

Disliked the economic, social, & conservation policies of Taft; personally offended when a business acquisition he approved was charged as illegal, Taft was chosen as Republican candidate so he & his supporters split off.

What was Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom"?

To destroy trusts & monopolies instead of regulating them.

Why did Wilson win the Election of 1912?

Roosevelt & Taft split Republican vote, Wilson's progressivism allowed him to keep followers from defecting to Progressive party, won w/ 42% popular vote & 435 electoral votes.

Which party became the "progressive" party after 1913?

The Democratic Party.

What progressive reforms did Democrats initiate after the Election of 1912?

Lowered tariff, created Federal Reserve, supported legislation supervising large corporations, improved farmers' credit systems, workers' compensation for Fed. employees.