pathopharm unit 1

acquired

noted after birth

acquired is due to

infection, trauma, poor lifestyle, pollution

Acquired etiology later in life

May have genetic mutations later in life - cancer, alzheimer

genetic etiology

noted at any age

Genetic etiology later in life

non-inherited mutation in DNA - cancer, alzhiemer

Genetic hereditary etiology

passed on to children

genetic hereditary defect

in germ cells: ova and sperm

Genetic hereditary type at birth example

Down syndrome

Genetic hereditary type later in life example

Huntington’s disease

Congenital etiology

develops during pregnancy, noted at birth

Genetic cause of congenital example

Cystic fibrosis, down syndrome, sickle cell

Congenital etiology exposure examples

fetal alcohol syndrome, chemical or drug exposure

Lack of folic acid supplements during pregnancy

causes nervous system defect

unknown cause for congenital etiology

cleft lip/palate, congenital heart defects, missing limbs

Etiologic physical agents

trauma, radiation, injury

Etiologic physical agents, mechanical forces

bone and tissue injury, injure blood vessels and disrupts blood flow

Etiologic physical agents, extreme heat

vascular injury, accelerates cell metabolism, disrupts cell membrane, coagulation of blood vessels

Etiologic physical agents, extreme cold

vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow, crystal formation

Etiologic physical agents - kind of injury

electrical

Etiologic physical agents- radiation

kill cells, interrupt cell replication or genetic mutation

Etiologic chemical or drug agents

insecticides, lead, alcohol, drugs, poision

Etiologic biological agents - types

Viruses, bacteria

Etiologic biological agents

produced continued injury due to replication of pathogen

Etiologic nutritional agents

starvation, obesity

Etiologic inherited genetic defects

errors or mutation in protein

Etiologic developmental defects

exposure to chemicals or virus during pregnancy

Etiologic tissue responses to …

injury or irriation

Etiologic physiological and emotional reactions to …

stress

pathogenesis

orgin and development of a disease

pathology

condition caused by abnormality or disease, study of disease

physiology

science of function organisms and physical processes

pathophysiology

study of how normal physiological processes are altered by disease

Disease

interruption or disorder of body system or organ

disease vs illness

Disease- objective, measurable. Illness- subective, personal

Etiology

study of the cause of disease

Etiologies may be…

acquired, genetic, or congenital

clinical manifestation

demonstration of signs and symptoms

signs

objective

symptoms

subjective

complications

disease with another disease

syndrome

cluster of 3 or more related things

diagnosis

cause of health problem

prognosis

prediction of course and end of disease

acute

rapid onset, short term

chronic

slow onset, 6+ months

exacerbation

symptoms of disease reappear or increase

remission

no symptoms but disease is present

major risk factors

genetic factors, age, lifestyle, environment

incidence

number of new cases in specific population at given time

morbidity

state of having disease

comorbidity

1 + illness at same time

mortality

number of deaths in a population from a disease in a given time

prevalence

number of existing cases of disease with a given population and time

natural history

expected or predictable course of untreated illness

primary care

prevention

secondary care

detection

tertiary care

treatment

pharmacology

study of drugs

pharmacotherapy

use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat

med that starts lowercase

generic

med that starts uppercase

brand name

fever reducing classification

antipyretic

4 processes of pharmacokinetics

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

liver disease effect on meds

risk for toxic effect

common protein involved with med binding

albumin

receptor that is blocked by grapefruit

CYP enzyme receptor

meds that are highly protein bound

compete for receptor sites

agonist

bind to and activate receptors

antagonist

compete for and fill up receptor sites, inhibits cell function

agonist example

pain medications

antagonist example

beta blockers

antidotes

agent used to counteract a toxin

antidote example

naloxone for morphine overdose

antidotes act as a

antagonist

transdermal medication

skin/mucous membrane

respiratory medication

inhalers

parenteral medication

subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous injections

fastest medication route

intravenous

slowest medication route

oral

CR

controlled release

DR

delayed release in large intestine

EC

enteric coated to avoid stomach absorption

LA

long acting for slower absorption

SR

sustained release

TR

timed release

ER,XL,XR

extended release with thick coating

onset

when drug begins to work

peak

highest level of action, most effective

Duration

length tiem exerts action

MEC

minimum effective concentration

serum half life

time required for serum concentration to decrease by 50%

longer half life

takes longer to work, less times to take during the day

shorter half life

takes less time to work, more times to take during the day

med that needs more frequent lab testing

blood thinners

loading dose

large dose to have a quick onset

maintenance dose

small dose to sustain steady-levels

therapeutic concentration

goal of drug therapy

toxic concentration

drug level where toxic effects happen

narrow therapeutic range

risk for toxicity

therapeutic effect

desirable outcome